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Barber State Board Exam(Solved)
S.D.S - All hazards of used chemicals are detailed in: Streptococci - Pus - forming bacteria that can cause blood poisoning Flagella - Slender, hairlike extensions for bacterial locomotion Disinfection - The process that involves the use of a chemical to destroy most harmful organisms. Infection Control - Methods to reduce transmission of infectious organisms. Fungi - Single-cell organisms like molds, mildew, and yeasts. Nonpathogenic bacteria - Harmless bacteria performing useful functions Microorganism - Organism of microscopic size Cleaning - Mechanical process using soap to remove dirt and germs Bloodborne Pathogens - Disease-causing microorganisms carried in blood or bodily fluids Biofilms - Microorganism colonies that adhere to surfaces, forming protective coating Inflammation - Tissue reaction to injury, irritation, or infection; characterized by redness, heat, pain, and swelling. Inactive Stage - Stage in which bacteria form spores in unfavorable conditions can withstand harsh environments Communicable Disease - Disease spread from person to person, like common cold or ringworm. Local Infection - Confined to a specific body part, appears as lesion with pus. Presence of Pus - Sign of bacterial infection Scabies - Contagious skin disease caused by the itch mite burrowing under the skin Tinea barbe - Fungal infection affecting bearded areas, caused by dermatophytes HIV - Virus causing AIDS, spread through blood and body fluids
Hepatitis - Viral infection that can damage the liver, easier to contract than HIV Head Lice - Type of parasite causing pediculosis capitis, a contagious condition Autoclaves - Devices for sterilizing tools with high pressure steam Disposable neck strips - Barriers used to prevent skin contact with capes Liquid Soap - Recommended for hand washing to prevent bacterial growth Handwashing - Critical for preventing germ spread in salon settings Multiuse Tools - Tools requiring cleaning before and after each use Disinfectants Containers - Containers holding disinfectant for tools, not for cleaning Bleach - 5.28% sodium hypochlorite, effective but corrosive disinfectant Phenolic Disinfectants - Powerful disinfectants, known as tuberculocidal, that can damage skin and eyes Contact Time - Duration a disinfectant must remain on a surface to be effective Pathogens - Microorganisms that can cause disease Cocci - Round shaped bacteria appearing singly or in groups Staphylococci - Clustered pus-forming bacteria causing abscesses, pustules and boils Diplococci - Spherical bacteria growing in pairs that cause diseases like pneumonia Spirilla - Spiral-shaped bacteria subdivided into groups causing diseases like syphilis and lyme disease OSHA - Agency ensuring safe workplace for U.S. workers First-Aid measures - Details symptoms/effects and required treatment in S.D.S. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - Disinfect nonporous surfaces effectively Toxicology Information - Details on chemical exposure routes and effects Safety Data Sheet (S.D.S) - Details all chemical products manufactured and sold, and contains 16 categories
Porous - Materials that can be disinfected Active stage - Bacterial grow and reproduce in Binary Fission - Cell division is called Disease-causing pathogens - Infection is described as the invasion of body tissues by: Bacterial - Disinfectant capable of destroying bacteria Bacterial Spores - Disinfection is not effective against Cillia - They are much shorter than flagella Redness, Heat, Pain and Swelling - Inflammation is characterized by: Contagious Disease - When disease spread from one person to another is called Dental Plaque - Example of visible human biofilm Taking over the host cell's reproductive function - Viruses can only replicate by Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus - Type of infectious staph bacteria that highly resistant to antibiotics To resist the body's defense mechanisms - One action of biofilm community is Federal agencies - set guidelines for manufacturing, sale, and use of equipment and chemical ingredients Phenolics - Tuberculocidal disinfectants are also referred as Pesticides - Disinfectants can cause serious skin and eye damage are Disinfectants - Always use tongs, gloves, or a draining basket to remove implements from Proper infection control - Prevents the spread of disease Before beginning a service - All work surfaces must be cleaned and disinfected Add disinfectant to water to prevent foaming - When mixing disinfectants, always: Covered or closed containers - Stored soiled linens and towels in
Sodium Hypochlorite - Household bleach is Heat and Light - Store bleach solutions away from The neckband of capes should not - Touch the clients neck One of the most important actions to prevent spreading germs - Proper hand washing is Handling and Storage - Precautions for safe handling and storage are listed in S.D.S Suitable fire extinguishing techniques and equipment and the chemical hazards of fire - In S.D.S firefighting measures detail Nonporous - Materials that cannot absorb liquids Antibiotics - Bacterial infections can usually be treated with Hand Cleaner - Never use disinfectants as EPA registration number - All disinfectants should carry an Accidental release measures - Procedures to follow in case of an accidental release of chemicals Client cut procedure - Should you accidentally cut a client, you must stop the service immediately Hand washing time - The minimum amount of time you must rub your hands together during the proper hand washing procedure is 20 seconds Syphilis causative agent - Syphilis is caused by Treponema Pallidum Petroleum distillates - Excellent at removing grime and oils from metals State Agencies - Type of agency that regulates licensing, enforcement, and your conduct when you are working in the shop Safety Data Sheet categories - Categories that the Safety Data Sheet (S.D.S) have: 16 Categories Chemical ingredients information - S.D.S category that includes all the information on chemical ingredients: Composition / Information on ingredients Disposal considerations - Proper disposal techniques and disposal restrictions detailed in the S.D.S
Dermatology - Branch of medical science that studies skin's nature, functions, diseases and treatment Epidermis - Outermost protective layer of the skin Stratum Corneum - Known as horny layer, is the outer layer of the epidermis Stratum Lucidum - Clear layer, lies beneath the stratum corneum Dermis - Inner layer of the skin, also called derma Reticular Layer - Deeper layer of the dermis, supplies skin with oxygen nutrients Sebum - Oily substance produced by the oil glands Papillary Layer - Dermis layer that lies beneath the stratum germinativum, contains the papillae and some melanin Sensation - Skin's response to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain Melanin - Brown-black pigment giving skin color and sun protection Stratum Germinativum - This layer is responsible for the growth of the epidermis Stratum Granulosum - This layer consists of cells that are filled with keratin Secretory nerve fibers - Nerve fibers that regulate the excretion of perspiration Adipose Tissue - Layer of fatty tissue found below the dermis Heat Regulations - Skin's function in maintaining body temperature through blood flow and sweat Lesion - A mark on the skin indicating injury or disease Milia - Benign cysts filled with keratin, appearing as small white masses Acne Vulgaris - Chronic skin disorder from inflamed sebaceous glands Keloid - Thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue Fissure - Crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis Primary Skin Lesions - Skin lesions that differ in color or are raised above the skin surface
Comedones - Appear most frequently in the T-Zone of the face Rosacea - Chronic condition that appears on the cheeks and nose, characterized by redness, and papules and pustules Steatoma - Sebaceous cyst that is filled with sebum Asteatosis - Condition of dry, scaly skin due to sebum deficiency Sebaceous cyst - Protruding lesion filled with sebum, often seen on the scalp and back Grade IV acne - Severe cyst acne with comedones, papules and pustules and inflammation Grade I acne - Minor breakout with open and closed comedones, papules and pustules Verruca - What caused by a virus, infections and can spread from one location to another Hyperpigmentation - Darker than normal skin pigmentation, appearing as dark splotches Leukoderma - Skin disorders characterized by light abnormal patches Basal cell carcinoma - Most common and least severe skin cancer Open comedo - Known as a blackhead, is a hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum Papules - Acne, warts, are examples of Fissures - Severely cracked or chapped hand/lips are examples of Secondary skin lesions - Characterized by an accumulation of material on the skin surface Hypertrophy - Abnormal growth of the skin Elastin - Gives the skin its elasticity and flexibility The fingertips - Nerve endings are most abundant in The skin - Largest and one of the most important organs of the body The eyelids - Skin is the thinnest on Tumor - Abnormal mass varying in size, shape, and color
Hydrogen Bond - Weak bond easily broken by water or heat Alopecia - Abnormal hair loss Alopecia Areata - Autoimmune disorder characterized by the sudden falling out of hair in round patches Hypertrichosis - Abnormal growth of hair Pityriasis - Technical term for dandruff caused by fungus Malassezia Canities - Technical term for gray hair Anagen Phase - During this phase, new hair is produced Pheomelanin - Provides red and ginger to yellow and light blond hair tones Terminal hair - Long, coarse hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females ½ inch per month - The average growth rate of healthy hair Dermal Papilla - Small, cone-shaped elevations at the base of the hair follicle Honey Comb Ringworm - Tinea favosa, also known as Hair Density - Refers to the number of individual hair strands per square inch Hair porosity - Ability of the hair to absorb moisture Fine hair - Generally more fragile, easier to process Furuncle (Boil) - Acute bacterial infection of a hair follicle Trichoptilosis - Technical term for split ends Disulfide bonds - Can be broken by Thioglycolate waves and hydroxide relaxers Catagen phase - Transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair strand Extremely Curly Hair - Often has low elasticity and breaks easily Seasons of the year - Hair growth can be influenced by
Nutrition - Hair growth can be influenced by Hormonal changes - Hair growth can be influenced by Telogen phase - Also called resting phase, last 3 to 6 months Fragilitas Crinium - Technical term for brittle hair Tinea - Medical Term for ringworm caused by fungal organisms Pityriasis Capitis Simplex - Characterized by scalp irritation, large flakes, and itchy scalp Pseudofolliculitis Barbae - Can be caused by improper shaving or by ingrown hair Polypeptide chains - Long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Proteins - They are made of chemical units called amino acids End Bonds - Also known as peptide bonds, chemical bonds that join amino acids end to end Carbon - Essential elements in the human hair Oxygen - Essential elements in the human hair Hydrogen - Essential elements in the human hair Nitrogen - Essential elements in the human hair Sulfur - Essential elements in the human hair Cowlick - A tuft of hair that stands straight up Minoxidil - Topical treatment that stimulates hair growth Permanent Waving - Process used to chemically restructure natural hair into a different wave pattern Chemical hair relaxing - Process that chemically rearranges the basic structure of overly curly hair into a straight hair form Curl Reformation - Process used to restructure very curly hair into a larger curl pattern Cuts - The scalp should be examined for cuts Abrasions or scratches - The scalp should be examined for abrasions or scratches
Alkaline solutions function - Alkaline solutions used in chemical services soften and swell the cuticle allowing for penetration into cortex Alkaline substances function - Alkaline substances used in chemical services break the chemical bonds Cystine - Cystine is an amino acid obtained by the reduction of cystine Neutralization process - After the hair has assumed the desired shape, it must be neutralized Cross-bonds reformation - We neutralized the hair so that the hydrogen and sulfur cross-bonds in the cortical layer are permanently reformed Chemical texture services - Chemical texture services involve two principal actions: physical and chemical Physical action in services - Wrapping the hair around perm rods or smoothing relaxer through hair is a physical action Chemical action in permanent waving - In permanent waving, the chemical action occurs when the hair is processing with waving lotion/solution Disulfide bonds rehardened - In permanent waving, disulfide bonds are rehardened by the action of a neutralizer Hydroxide relaxer neutralization - Hydroxide relaxer products are neutralized by shampooing and rinsing Oxidizing agent function - An oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide neutralizes thio relaxers Curl reformation rearranger - The rearranger used in curl reformation procedure is ammonium thioglycolate in cream form Permanent waving actions - Permanent waving involves two principal actions: wrapping the hair on perm rods and waving solution and neutralizer Curl size determination - The size, shape, and type of curl are determined by the size, shape, and type of perm rod Rod wrapping requirement - The hair must be wrapped at least 1 ½ times around the rod to create a curl
Types of perm rod shapes - Types of perm rod shapes include concave rods, straight rods, bender rods, and circle or loop rods Rod size effect - The size of the rod determines the size of the curl Most commonly used perm rod - Most commonly used perm rod is concave rods Concave rods - Rods that have a smaller diameter in the center and a larger diameter at both ends are concave rods Straight rods - Rods that have a uniform circumference and diameter along the rod's length are straight rods Concave rods curl effect - Concave rods produce a tighter curl in the center and larger curl on the sides of the hair Straight rods wave effect - Rods that create consistently sized waves from one side of hair to the other are straight rods Bender rods - They're made of stiff wires covered by soft foam that permits bending into shapes Circle or loop rods - They're plastic-coated tool with a uniform diameter along the length of the rod Circle rods are secured by - Fastening the ends together to form a circle End papers - Are used during permanent waving to prevent Fishhooks To control the ends of the hair when wrapping you must use - End papers Most common end paper-wrapping techniques - Bookend wrap, Single flat wrap, Double flat wrap Bookend wrap involves - Folding one paper in half over the ends of the hair Single flat wrap involves - Placing one paper over the top of the hair parting being wrapped Double flat wrap involves - Using two paper, one end paper over and one under the hair parting being wrapped Perm wraps begin with sectioning the hair into - Panels Each panel is divided into subsections called - Base Sections
The piggyback perm wrap uses - Two rods for each parting of hair Alkaline perms are also known as - Cold waves The main active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline perms is - Ammonium Thioglycolate Cold waves may require - A plastic cap for processing PH of alkaline waving lotions falls within the range of - 9.0 to 9. True acid waves have a PH range between - 4.5 to 7. Most acid waves are endothermic which means - They require the addition of heat Primary reducing agent in true acid waves - Glyceryl monothiglycolate (GMTG) Acid-balanced waves have a PH between - 7.8 to 8. They contain both ammonium thioglycolate and glyceryl monothioglycolate - Acid balanced waves The activator in an exothermic wave contains - An oxidizing agent that causes a rapid release of heat when mixed with the waving solution Ammonia-free waves uses - Alkanolamines to replace ammonia When using permanent waving solutions on tinted hair, you should - Use mild products Pre-wrap solutions are applied to hair before wrapping on rods to - Help equalize the porosity of the hair Acid-balanced or true acid perm formulas are the best choice for - Tinted, Highlighted, Delicate Hair Most resistant hair types will require an - Alkaline wave Alkaline or acid-balanced perms can be used on - Most normal hair types Processing time - Determined by the strength of the permanent waving solution and the porosity. Under processed hair - When hair has not been sufficiently softened to permit the breaking and rearrangement of disulfide bonds.
Limp or weak wave formations - Result of under processed hair. Over processed hair - Usually feels harsh after being dried and will need reconditioning treatments. Frizzy - Description of over processed hair. Reapplication of permanent waving solution - Very necessary for under processed hair. Solution left on the hair too long - Results in over processed hair. Test curl - Helps to identify speed of wave formation, degree of wave formation, exact time when wave formation is reached, and resistant areas. Functions of a neutralizer - Rebuild disulfide bonds and deactivate any remaining waving solution after rinsing. Permanent wave solution - Must be thoroughly rinsed out and blotted before neutralizer is applied to hair. Partial perming - Means only a section of the hair is curled. Men's permanent waving - The top and crest area of the head are usually wrapped in this. Partial perms - Can be used to create volume and lift on top and crest of the head. Recondition the hair - To help equalize its porosity you could use special fillers that contain proteins. Metallic dye treatment before perming - Hair must be treated with a dye remover to avoid discoloration or breakage. Curl reduction - Can be used if a client is not pleased after a permanent wave because the hair seems too curly. Shampooing hair before a relaxer - Is only allowed when there is an excessive build up of dirt and styling products. Two most common types of relaxers - Thio Relaxers and Hydroxide Relaxers. Thio relaxers - Require the application of chemical neutralizing solutions. Hydroxide relaxers - Are neutralized through the physical action of rinsing and shampooing with a neutralizer shampoo product.
Sodium hydroxide during a chemical blowout - Should not be kept on hair for longer than 40% of the recommended processing time. Porosity test during a chemical relaxer - Determines the degree of porosity. Degree of elasticity - Determined during the elasticity test. Relaxer strand test - Performed for determining the hair's reaction to the chemical and processing time. Relaxing hair - You should only relax the hair to the point where the hair is relaxed enough to achieve the desired style. Overlapping previously relaxed hair - You should never overlap previously relaxed hair as this will result in damage and possible hair breakage. Shampoo during relaxer application - During a relaxer application, you should not shampoo the hair to avoid scalp irritation. Dry hair and scalp - Hair and scalp must be completely dry prior to the application of a thio or hydroxide relaxer. Waving lotion - When using waving lotion, you should maintain even saturation. Shampoo after hair treatment - Hair must not be shampooed for at least 48 hours, or the curls will be compromised. Haircoloring - The art and science of changing the color of hair. Characteristics analyzed before haircoloring - Elasticity, Texture, Density, Porosity, Natural hair color, Contributing pigment. Elasticity - It's an indication of strength of the cortex. High porosity hair - Type of hair that will absorb color product quickly but also tend to fade quickly. Low porosity hair - Hair more resistant to chemical penetration and may require longer processing time. Natural hair colors - Three factors that determine what natural hair colors look like are thickness of the hair, total number and size of pigment granules, and ratio of eumelanin to pheomelanin within the cortex. Grey hair - The result of a reduction in the production of melanin pigments.
Contributing Pigment - Pigment that lies under the natural hair color. Basic colors visible to the human eye - Six basic colors that can be seen with the human eye: 3 Primary (Blue, Red, Yellow) and 3 Secondary (Violet, Green, Orange). Laws of color - System for understanding color relationships and regulate the mixing of dyes and pigments to make other colors. Primary colors - Basic colors that cannot be created by combining other colors. Secondary colors - Colors created by mixing equal amounts of 2 primary colors. Tertiary colors - Tertiary colors are created by mixing equal amounts of one primary color with one of its adjacent secondary colors. Complementary colors - Primary and secondary colors positioned directly opposite each other on the color wheel. Mixing complementary colors - When mixed together, complementary colors neutralize each other. Cool primary color - Strongest and only cool primary color is Blue. Weakest primary color - Weakest primary color is Yellow. Mixing blue and yellow - Mixing blue and yellow creates Green. Mixing Red and Yellow - Mixing Red and Yellow creates Orange. Mixing Blue and Red - Mixing Blue and Red creates Violet. Complementary colors of Blue and Orange - Blue and Orange are complementary colors because they're positioned directly opposite from each other on the color wheel. Color that neutralizes Yellow - Color that neutralizes Yellow is Violet. Tone - Describes the warmth or coolness of a color. Warm colors - Warm colors are also known as Highlighting colors. Cool colors - Cool colors are also known as Ash or drab. Level system - The level system is used to analyze the lightness or darkness of a hair color. Base color - The predominant tone of a color which influences the final color result.
