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Clinical Pharmacology: Basic Principles and Key Concepts, Exams of Pharmacy

Antioch University Los Angeles (AULA)Pharmacy

A concise overview of the basic principles of clinical pharmacology, focusing on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It covers key processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, along with factors influencing bioavailability and drug clearance. The material also explores drug passage across membranes, compartment models, and the role of enzymes like cytochrome p450. Additionally, it discusses ligand types, agonists, antagonists, and dose-response relationships, offering a foundational understanding of how drugs interact with the body and produce their effects. This information is essential for students and professionals in pharmacology, pharmacy, and related health sciences, providing a solid base for further study and practical application in clinical settings. Structured in a question and answer format, making it easy to follow and understand the key concepts.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 08/08/2025

jphazin
jphazin 🇺🇸

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Basic Principles of Clinical Pharmacology
What are the four processes of pharmacokinetics? - (correct Answer) - Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism/Biotransformation
Excretion
What are the three main routes of medication administration - (correct Answer) -
Enteral
Parenteral
Topical
What are some mechanisms for drug passage across membranes? - (correct
Answer) - passive Diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
pinocytosis
What is passive diffusion? - (correct Answer) - higher concentration to lower
concentration
driving force is drug concentration
utilized by a majority of drugs
How is facilitated diffusion different from passive diffusion? - (correct Answer) - it's a
carrier mediated transport process
the carrier advances movement of the drug down an electrochemical gradient
Does facilitated diffusion require energy? - (correct Answer) - No
What are some features of active transport? - (correct Answer) - Requires a carrier
Consumes energy
Against a concentration gradient
Selective
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Basic Principles of Clinical Pharmacology

What are the four processes of pharmacokinetics? - (correct Answer) - Absorption Distribution Metabolism/Biotransformation Excretion What are the three main routes of medication administration - (correct Answer) - Enteral Parenteral Topical What are some mechanisms for drug passage across membranes? - (correct Answer) - passive Diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport pinocytosis What is passive diffusion? - (correct Answer) - higher concentration to lower concentration driving force is drug concentration utilized by a majority of drugs How is facilitated diffusion different from passive diffusion? - (correct Answer) - it's a carrier mediated transport process the carrier advances movement of the drug down an electrochemical gradient Does facilitated diffusion require energy? - (correct Answer) - No What are some features of active transport? - (correct Answer) - Requires a carrier Consumes energy Against a concentration gradient Selective

Subject to competitive inhibition What is pinocytosis - (correct Answer) - cell membrane folds over forming vesicles extracellular contents are trapped in the vesicle for passage what is absorption - (correct Answer) - the movement of a drug from its site of administration to the systemic circulation and the extent to which it occurs What is bioavailability - (correct Answer) - a measure of the amount of drug that is actually absorbed from a given dose; the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration what factors influence bioavailability - (correct Answer) - blood flow (fat vs. muscle) First pass effect What is distribution - (correct Answer) - the process by which a drug, now in circulation is delivered en mass to the tissue what factors influence distribution - (correct Answer) - based on CO to the tissue - brain, heart, lungs, liver and kidneys receive disproportionally high amounts first what are compartment models and what are they used for - (correct Answer) - a compartment model is a conceptual division of the body that quantitates drug absorption, distribution, and elimination it's used to predict a time course of drug concentrations in the body what form of the drug is the active form - free or bound - (correct Answer) - free, unbound drug is active are drugs that are bound to proteins distributed? - (correct Answer) - Protein bound drugs are not distributed and are inactive what is the volume of distribution? - (correct Answer) - it's the volume of fluid to which a drug is distributed, A large Vd indicates extensive drug distribution into body tissues and fluids, and indicates a longer half-life and duration of action a small Vd indicates limited distribution - most likely plasma compartment only explain redistribution - (correct Answer) - as concentrations in the blood fall (due to tissue uptake or discontinued infusion), drug concentration in the tissues is higher than in the plasma drug is released back into plasma until it equilibrates

drugs, and drugs that have been metabolized via phase I/phase II reactions in the liver and are no longer polar what dictates renal clearance of drugs? - (correct Answer) - Renal perfusion. Renal failure patients have prolonged drug effect How is hepatic clearance defined? - (correct Answer) - The volume of plasma that is totally cleared of drug in 1 minute during passage through the liver. What are the three primary factors affecting hepatic clearance? - (correct Answer) - Intrinsic ability of the liver Hepatic blood flow Binding of drug What are the main factors determining rate of hepatic clearance? - (correct Answer)

  • hepatic blood flow (delivery of drug to the liver) uptake of the unbound drug by the hepatocytes from the blood metabolic transformation of the drug by microsomal or other enzyme systems rate of biliary secretion what affect does low blood flow have on hepatic clearance? - (correct Answer) - hepatic blood flow is markedly reduced causing metabolism and excretion to be reduced what affect does low blood flow have on renal clearance? - (correct Answer) - kidneys tend to maintain their perfusion, leading to constant clearance of water soluble drugs What is a half life? - (correct Answer) - The time it takes for the blood plasma concentration of a substance to half its steady state. Use for estimating how long a drug should be stopped if a patient has toxic levels what is the concept of first order kinetics? - (correct Answer) - the fraction of the drug in the body which is eliminated over a period of time remains constant., the amount of drug eliminated over a period of time is directly proportional to the amount of drug in the body. What is the concept of zero order kinetics? - (correct Answer) - the fraction of the drug in the body which is eliminated over a period of time varies - constant, not related to the concentration of drug in the body. Elimination of drugs requires catalysts, enzymes or transporters what is a ligand? - (correct Answer) - small molecules that specifically bind to the recognition site of a macromolecule

what are the types of ligands? - (correct Answer) - drugs neurotransmitters hormones what is an ionophore? - (correct Answer) - a lipid soluble molecule that resides in the cell membrane that transports ions across the cell membrane agonist - (correct Answer) - binds to a receptor and produces an effect. Maximal effect may be reach at the same receptor by differing drugs and concentrations. These produce a structural change at the receptor causing a reaction. can partial agonists produce a maximal effect? - (correct Answer) - NO, not even at very high concentrations Antagonist - (correct Answer) - compounds that bind to a receptor and does not produce an effect. Inhibit agonists from binding. No physical change to the receptor what are the two types of antagonist? - (correct Answer) - competitive - bind as a function of concentration gradients (ND muscle relaxants) noncompetitive - bind irreversibly to a receptor (nerve agents) what is a dose response relationship - (correct Answer) - the relationship between doses and pharmacologic effect efficacy - (correct Answer) - the capacity of a drug to produce an alteration in a target cell/organ after binding to a receptor potency - (correct Answer) - amount of drug needed to produce a response. is efficacy dependent on potency? - (correct Answer) - NO