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Somatic symptom and related disorders * Somatic symptom disorder: at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern * Illness anxiety disorder: preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition * Conversion disorder: unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function Personality disorders Patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning © Cluster A (odd, eccentric, “weird”): paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid © Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, erratic, “wild”): antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic © Cluster C (anxious, fearful, “worried”): avoidant, dependent, obsessive—compulsive SOCIAL PROCESSES, ATTITUDES, . AND BEHAVIOR Group Psychology * Social facilitation: tendency to perform ata different level (better or worse) when others are around © Deindividuation: loss of self-awareness in large groups; can lead to drastic changes in behavior * Bystander effect: in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need © Peer pressure: social influence placed on an individual by other individuals they consider equals © Group polarization: tendency towards making decisions in a group that are more extreme then the thoughts of the individual group members * Groupthink: tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas Culture * Assimilation: one culture begins to melt into another © Multiculturalism: encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity © Subculture: a group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs Socialization * Socialization: the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs © Norms: boundaries of acceptable behavior within society © Stigma: extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences © Deviance: any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society © Conformity: changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society © Compliance: individuals change behavior based on the request of others; techniques for gaining compliance include foot-in-the- door, door-in-the-face, lowball, and that’s- not-all ~ Obp+ 2, e |}. *.ge in behavior based on a ~.A.Matrd 1fum: Someone seen as an authority foure SOCIAL INTERACTION Elements of Social Interaction ¢ Status: a position in society used to classify individuals. Can be ascribed (involuntarily assigned), achieved (voluntarily earned), or master (primary identity) * Role: set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status © Group: two or more individuals with similar characteristics who share a sense of unity * Network: observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups © Organization: group with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals; exists outside of each individual’s membership within the organization Self-Presentation and Interacting with Others © Display rules: unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion Impression management: maintenance of a public image through various strategies © Dramaturgical approach: individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience SOCIAL THINKING Social Behavior © Interpersonal attraction: influenced by physical, social, and psychological factors ¢ Aggression: behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance © Attachment: an emotional bond to another person; usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver © Altruism: helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at a personal cost SOCIAL PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOR Attribution Theory Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior * Dispositional (internal) causes relate to the features of the person who is being considered © Situational (external) causes relate to features of the surroundings or social context © Correspondent inference theory: describes attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person ¢ Fundamental attribution error: bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination © Stereotypes: attitudes and impressions that are made based on limited and superficial information © Self-fulfilling prophecy: the phenomenon of a stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype © Stereotype threat: a feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype © Prejudice: an irrationally based attitude prior to actual experience © Ethnocentrism: the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture (in-group vs. out-group) * Cultural relativism: studying social groups and cultures on their own terms * Discrimination: when prejudicial attitudes cause differences in treatment of a group SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND DEMOGRAPHICS Sociology: Theories and Institutions © Functionalism: focuses on the function and telationships of each component of society © Conflict theory: focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order * Symbolic interactionism: the study of how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols © Social constructionism: explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality Culture © Material culture: physical items one associates with a given group (art, clothing, foods, buildings) © Symbolic culture: the ideas associated with a cultural group Demographics Demographics: the statistical arm of sociology Migration refers to the movement of people into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a geographical location. Demographic transition: a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Social Class Social stratification is based on socioeconomic status (SES). © Class: a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics © Power: the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments © Social capital: the investment people make in society in return for economic or collective rewards * Social reproduction: the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, to other generations © Poverty: low SES; in the US, the poverty line is the government's calculation of the minimum income requirements to acquire the minimum necessities of life Epidemiology new Cases Incidence: per time population - at risk number of cases (new or old) Prevalence: per time total population Morbidity: the burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease Mortality: deaths caused by a given disease 
