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Water Resources

CLASS 10 NOTES

SOCIAL SCIENCE

PRASHANT KIRAD

Water resources

Water scarcity

Water scarcity means shortage of water.

Quantitative reasons for water scarcity Qualitative reasons for water scarcity In some regions where freshwater is available in the form of rivers, lakes, and ponds, it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use. (E.M.A)(E.M.A)(E.M.A) Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface is covered with water. About 97.5% of the total volume is ocean water. 2.5% is freshwater, comprising rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, ponds, etc. 70% of freshwater is frozen ice in icebergs and glaciers. Less than 30% of freshwater is stored as groundwater. India receives merely 4% of global precipitation.

1. Uneven distribution of rainfall: Some regions receive greater rainfall and some regions come under rain shadow areas and receive less rainfall.
2. Excessive use of groundwater for agricultural purposes.
3. Growing population and consequent greater domestic water demands, growing urban centres and unequal access to it.
4. Increasing numbers of industries not only exert pressure on existing freshwater resources but also pollute them. We have finite water resources, yet our demands are growing exponentially due to the increasing number of industries, urbanization, and agriculture. Most of our water resources are polluted, posing severe health hazards and threatening food security. To prevent catastrophic consequences such as drought, famine, and epidemics. To reduce over-exploitation and mismanagement of water resources. To minimise climate changes and uneven distribution of rainfall. NEED FOR WATER CONSERVATION JOSH METER? Multipurpose River Projects (MPRP) : Dams : A dam is a structure built across a river or watercourse to hold back water, creating a reservoir (the stored water) behind it. (E.M.A) (E.M.A)(E.M.A) PRASHANT KIRAD

In rooftop harvesting, the roof acts as the catchment, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to an artificial recharge system. Rainwater from rooftops is collected using pipes. Pipes are connected to underground tanks. Rocks and sand in the tanks filter the rainwater. Clean water is then available for drinking purposes. (iii) Khadins and Johads In Jaisalmer & Rajasthan, agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed storage structures. (ii) Tankas In arid and semi-arid areas of Rajasthan [Bikaner, Phalodhi] Underground tanks for storing rainwater harvested from rooftops for drinking purpose (iv) Bamboo drip irrigation system in Meghalaya A system of tapping streams and spring water using bamboo pipes has been used for over 200 years to transport water. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting: It is Compulsory in Tamil Nadu for all houses. If not implemented, punishment will be given This eco-friendly system ensures a steady supply of clean drinking water, even during water scarcity periods, making it an ideal solution for sustainable living." Location: Gendathur is a backward village in Mysuru, Karnataka Achievement: 200+ households with rooftop rainwater harvesting systems, collecting over 1.5 million litres of water annually. Impacts: Reduced dependence on external water sources by 70%. Conserved water for future generations, ensuring a sustainable future. Replicable model for other villages, inspiring a wave of community-led sustainability initiatives. Gendathur model (E.M.A)(E.M.A)(E.M.A) PRASHANT KIRAD

Map work

Major dams in India: PRASHANT KIRAD

Q5. Explain the qualitative aspects of water scarcity. Ans: Water scarcity refers to the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region. This concept isn't just about the quantity of water available, but also encompasses various qualitative aspects: i) Water quality- Even if water is available in sufficient quantities, it may be unfit for use due to contamination by pollutants, chemicals, or pathogens. ii) Accessibility- Water may be abundant in one area but scarce in another due to natural distribution. This disparity creates regional inequalities in water availability. iii) Economic Scarcity: Even where water is physically available, it may be economically inaccessible to certain populations due to the high cost of extraction, treatment, or distribution. Q6. Describe the working of the rooftop rainwater harvesting technique. Q7. Which of the following remote backward villages in Mysore Karnataka installed household rooftop rainwater? a. Gendathur b. Vanathalipuram c. Chilkunda d. Kallahalli Ans: (a) Gendathur

Cs 0 hee

• Prashant Bhaiya Ans. "The rooftop rainwater harvesting technique works as follows:

1. Collection: Rainwater falling on the roof is collected through a network of PVC pipes.
2. Filtration: The collected rainwater is filtered using a combination of sand and bricks to remove impurities.
3. Storage: The filtered water is then stored in a sump for immediate use.
4. Excess water management: Excess water from the sump is transferred to a well, which recharges the groundwater aquifer.
5. Additional water supply: In case of further water requirements, water can be drawn from the well. This technique ensures a steady supply of clean water, reduces dependence on municipal water, and helps recharge groundwater levels." The growing number of urban centres has led to a surge in demand, driven by modern lifestyles and domestic needs. In housing colonies, water resources are being overexploited to meet the needs of the population, resulting in groundwater depletion. PRASHANT KIRAD