Devlopment class 10th, Cheat Sheet of Economics

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Economics — Chapter 1

DEVELOPMENT

Class X | NCERT Economics

💰 Income 🏥 Health 📚 Education ♻ Sustainability

What is Development?

Making progress in life by fulfilling aspirations & desires —

economic growth, social well-being, and quality of life.

👷

Landless Labourer

Wants more days of work & better wages. 👩

Rich Family Girl

Wants freedom, respect & equal treatment. 🏘

Urban Slum Dweller

Wants a regular job, pucca house & sanitation. What is development for one may be destructive for another (e.g., Dam — benefit for city, loss for tribals)

How to Compare Countries?

Per Capita Income = Total Income of Country ÷ Total Population

Used by World Bank for country classification World Bank Classification

🟢 High Income Above $13,845 / year

🟡 Middle Income $1,136 – $13,845 / year

Limitations of Per Capita Income^ 🔴^ Low Income^ $1,135 or less / year

1. Hides disparities (inequalities) — rich get richer, poor get poorer.
2. Does NOT show health, education, or access to public facilities.

Development Indicators

Other Criteria for Comparing Countries

💰

Per Capita Income

Average income of citizens Better: Higher ↑ 👶

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Children dying before age 1 per 1000 live births Better: Lower ↓ 📖

Literacy Rate

% of people who can read and write above age of 7 years. Better: Higher ↑ 🏫

Net Attendance Ratio

% of children attending school Better: Higher ↑ 🕰

Life Expectancy

Average years a person is expected to live Better: Higher ↑ ⚖

BMI (Body Mass Index)

Tells about nutritional level Better: Normal range

Public Facilities Matter! 🏥 Hospitals 🏫 Schools 💧 Safe Water 🚿 Sanitation ⚡ Electricity 🛒 PDS Case Study: Kerala vs Bihar

🟢 Kerala — Success Story

✓ Moderate per capita income ✓ High literacy rate ✓ Excellent public facilities ✓ High life expectancy ✓ Best HDI in India

🔴 Bihar — Challenges

✗ Low per capita income ✗ Low literacy rate ✗ Poor public facilities ✗ High infant mortality ✗ Low HDI ranking

Sustainable Development

"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

🌍 We must use resources JUDICIOUSLY

❌ Examples of Unsustainable Development:

💧 Overuse of groundwater 🧪 Excessive use of fertilisers & pesticides 🏭 Pollution of air, water & land 🌳 Deforestation 💡 "We should leave enough resources for future generations."

📋 Exam Tips & Most Repeated Questions 1 M Define HDI. Who prepares it? 💡 UNDP | 3 parameters 3 M Why do different people have different developmental goals? Give examples. 💡 Labourer / Girl / Slum 3 M What is the main criterion of World Bank? What are its limitations? 💡 PCI formula + 2 limitations 3 M Why is per capita income not a sufficient indicator? 💡 Hides inequality + no health/edu 5 M Compare Haryana, Kerala & Bihar with reference to development. 💡 Use IMR + Literacy + PCI 5 M What is sustainable development? Why is it important? 💡 Definition + 4 unsustainable examples