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BIO_1070_midterm_2.docx.docx, Exams of Biology

Mississippi State University (MSU)Biology

BIOLOGY_1070_midterm_2.docx.docx

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 11/02/2024

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BIO 1070 MIDTERM INQUIRY
CASES/2023.Qualified,M SU
Inquiry Case 4
‱Urban forests are critically important to the maintenance of
biodiversity, the water quality and the overall health and quality of life
for all species living in that space.
‱Brown’s Woods
oBrown’s woods is a small woodlot (1.31 hectare (ha)) but has
importance that is not predicted by its size. By following the
link below, you can read about the history of Brown's woods as
written by emeritus professor, Doug Larson.
‱North Campus Ravine
oBrown’s woods is a small woodlot (1.31 hectare (ha)) but has
importance that is not predicted by its size. By following the
link below, you can read about the history of Brown's woods as
written by emeritus professor, Doug Larson.
oThe other dominant tree species is the native early succession
species, Manitoba maple (Acer negundo).
‱The Arboretum
Inquiry Case 5
‱The Edge effect –
oForest fragments have a long history of study - in particular
how there is a difference between the quality of habitat
between interior habitat and habitat closer to the edge.
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CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

Inquiry Case 4

  • Urban forests are critically important to the maintenance of biodiversity, the water quality and the overall health and quality of life for all species living in that space.
  • Brown’s Woods o Brown’s woods is a small woodlot (1.31 hectare (ha)) but has importance that is not predicted by its size. By following the link below, you can read about the history of Brown's woods as written by emeritus professor, Doug Larson.
  • North Campus Ravine o Brown’s woods is a small woodlot (1.31 hectare (ha)) but has importance that is not predicted by its size. By following the link below, you can read about the history of Brown's woods as written by emeritus professor, Doug Larson. o The other dominant tree species is the native early succession species, Manitoba maple (Acer negundo).
  • The Arboretum Inquiry Case 5
  • The Edge effect – o Forest fragments have a long history of study - in particular how there is a difference between the quality of habitat between interior habitat and habitat closer to the edge.

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

o There was a particularly useful review of the principal effects that an "edge" has on forests

  • Abiotic Factors: there is differential movement of solar radiation, temperature, humidity, moisture, and wind between interior and edge habitat. Edge habitats often become intermediate between the two adjacent habitats (e.g. between forest and field, the forest edges become hotter and drier with solar radiation than the interior)
  • Access: when resources are spatially separated and edge provides access to both resources.
  • Species Interactions: many incidences of increased nest predation for birds nesting in edge habitats.
  • Population Growth: o Population growth is defined as the change in the number of individuals during some period of time. o This is calculated using demographic data; population growth rate = birth rate – death rate + immigration – emigration. o The calculation of population size is expressed as Pt2 = Pt1 + (B) - (D) + (I) – (E) â–Ș Pt2 is the final population at the final time â–Ș Pt1 is the original or starting population size

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

Chart 1

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

- Ecosystem Processes o Ecosystem processes include both the flow of energy and the cycling of materials. It all starts with the light energy that is captured by plants within the cellular process called photosynthesis. o This results in the production of carbohydrates and other organic molecules that are later converted to heat energy through the process known as respiration. o There must be a continuous source of solar energy because heat energy cannot be recycled. Elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus) occur within ecosystems through a variety of processes such as mineralization or the breaking down of parent materials (e.g., rock). Plants take up these elements from the soil, water or even directly from the air. Animals consume plants as a source of elements or may directly consume elements from the environment through water or consuming mineral soil. o For example: a moose in northern Ontario will frequently visit a “mineral lick” where it ingests minerals in the soil. Animals release minerals through excretion or decomposition (facilitated by bacteria and fungi). Elements are not lost from ecosystems, but rather continuously recycled. Forests, such as the woodlots in our case study are excellent systems to study ecosystem processes.

  • Dairy Bush o ‘The “Dairy Bush” is a small woodlot that has been part of the city and the university campus since 1873. o The woodlot is unique in containing both naturally growing and planted species that include rare and listed species in Southern Ontario.

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

  1. Identify two ecosystem processes and discuss how these may influence species diversity. Inquiry Case 6
  • Abiotic variables: o Abiotic factors are non-living. o They include the physical and chemical factors that affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce; some examples of abiotic factors are light, temperature (heat), chemical products, water and atmosphere. In lecture we give examples of how these factors might influence the range of a species. o For example light is very important in limiting the growth of seedlings in a woodlot. This is mainly because some plants are shade tolerant and others require full sun. If you ever plant a tree, make sure you understand the light requirements for that species of tree. If you plant a shade tolerant tree in full sun it will probably soon desiccate if not watered profusely; conversely some trees require full sun and will not grow or may die in the shade. o Why is light an important factor in forest ecosystems? â–Ș Light constitutes the main supply of energy for organisms. Plants use chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy via the process known as photosynthesis. This chemical energy is stored in complex organic substances that are used for growth, development of flowers and the production of fruit/seeds. o Large amounts of biomass are stored in the forests using energy harnessed from the sun. Many plants have adapted to high or low light conditions; shade tolerant plants can dominate the

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

understory of dense forest canopies. o Light also regulates many biological rhythms of a large amount of species of both plants and animals. Plants use a photoreceptor protein (e.g., phytochrome or cryptochrome) to sense seasonal changes in photoperiod. This signals anthesis, which is the development of flowers. Animals use light in various ways. o For example: insects use ultraviolet light to differentiate flowers from another when harvesting nectar or pollen; this interaction contributes to pollination in plants, which is the subject of many co-evolutionary studies. Birds partially orient themselves by means of the perception of small differences in the reflection of light UV by the objects on land such as different types for forests, water, rocks, etc

  • Niche o One way to think about the occurrence of species is in “geographical space” - the species’ distribution as plotted on a map. However, it is important to also think about species occurring in “environmental space”; the space that an organism occupies, which is confined by environmental variables to which the species responds. o “niche is the set of biotic and abiotic conditions in which a species is able to persist and maintain stable population sizes.” The ecological niche is sub-divided into the fundamental and the realized niche. o The fundamental niche is defined by the environmental conditions in which a species can survive and persist; however the species may not be present within all of this space. The realized niche includes the environmental and ecological conditions under which a species actually exists and persists.

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

other species. o Niche construction is feedback mechanism of natural selection imparting forces on the abiotic niche. Some plants and animals organisms can modify conditions from local (e.g., a woodlot) to global scales (e.g., Boreal forest region), over time and even after death, such as decaying logs)

  • Cryptic Botany within the Arboretum o There are 100 species of lichens in the Arboretum of which 48 more distinct species were added to this list in the last few years by Troy McMullin who works in Dr Newmaster’s botanical research lab at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO). o Many of the lichens that were added to the list are considered rare in southern Ontario, some were new records for the Province of Ontario and one species is new to science! KEY CONCEPTS
  • Expand the list the characteristics of each of the campus woodlots including the different types of methods used to provide evidence to support the biodiversity claims of the characters in this case study of woodlot biodiversity.
  • Understand that biogeographical patterns and range distributions are explained or predicted through knowledge and understanding of a species traits and niche requirements in the context of species habitat.

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

  • Define and give an example of a species that is an ecosystem engineer.
  • List and discuss the characteristics of an invasive species. Inquiry Case 7
  • The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis o predicts that the highest species richness will occur at an intermediate level of intensity or frequency of natural disturbance. o This is because low levels of disturbance do not create many habitats to support a variety of species, whereas high levels of disturbance will eliminate many habitats that support species diversity. o Communities are constantly changing in response to varying levels of disturbance.
  • Ecosystem function o The exchange of energy and nutrients among plants, animals and their environment. For example in the woodlot there is a great deal of carbon in the form of branches and leaf litter that is decomposing and producing biomass. There is a host of organisms including insects, bacteria and fungi that literally keep the logs and branches from piling up on the woodlot floor.
  • Ecosystem Service

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

  • Urbanization can sometimes result in an increase in species richness, especially at intermediate levels of development. An increase in diversity at moderate levels of urbanization has been thought to be related to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.
  • Biotic homogenisation o the replacement of local biotas with non-native species that can co-exist with humans o an invasion may increase total species richness but actually decrease the diversity of native species KEY CONCEPTS
  • Understand and discuss how the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) might influence forest biodiversity.
  • Comprehend the concepts of ecosystem function and services in the context of adaptive management.
  • Complete a list of characteristics for each of the campus natural areas and make your own evaluation and decision on which area should be developed and which ones should be maintained.

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

Lecture Notes Lecture 8

  • How do NEW species form?

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

o Across habitats: â–Ș Beta (ÎČ) species diversity â–Ș Gamma (Îł) species diversity

  • Evenness o Relative abundance of species in an area Lecture 10
  • ÎČ = (α H1 – Sc) + (α H2 – Sc) o α = alpha species o H = habitat o S = number of species common to both habitats

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

- What determines species composition of a habitat o Local scale: Why don’t all three campus woodlots have the same species in them? o Regional scale: Why are there different types of trees in southern versus northern Ontario? o Global scale: Why doesn’t Ontario have the same species as

  • Species composition of a habitat: o Which species live in a particular habitat o Relative abundances of the species in the habitat o Spatial pattern of where the various species are located within the habitat
  • Species distribution: o Where in the world a particular species lives (and where it doesn’t live) o Where the individuals of a particular species are located relative to each other wit hin a population
  • How did a particular species get there? o It evolved there (native / endemic). o It moved there from somewhere else. â–Ș Range shift o â–Ș Range expansion â–Ș Long-range dispersal o Where “there” is has changed (vicariance). Lecture 11
  • Why isn’t a particular species found in more pleaces? o It was in other places but died out elsewhere (extirpation). o It can’t live in those other places. o It could live in those other places but never dispersed there. o It could live elsewhere but it is excluded by other species that are already there
  • Fundamental Niche All the possible dimensions in which a species can survive in principle

CASES/2023.Qualified,MSU

Lecture 12

  • Population level variables o Abundance (N, number of individuals) o Density (N/area or N/volume) o Distribution (where they are) o Birth & Death rates (Δ N/time) o Sex & Age Structure (males vs. females) o Fecundity (# eggs produced per female) o Fertility (% of eggs that produce viable offspring) o Production (# offspring produced by a population) o Recruitment (# individuals reaching breeding age, includes offspring + immigrati on)
  • Population Abundance Over Time o Birth + immigration o Death + emigration o Pt2 = Pt1 + (B – D) + (I – E)
  • Population Control – density dependence o Density-dependent factors affect per capita birth or death rates in a way that depends on population density (i.e., the effect is stronger/weaker depending on whether the population is dense/sparse).
  • Population Control – density independence o factors affect per capita birth or death rates in a way that does NOT depend on population density