Download BIO 121 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS A+ and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 121 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM
TEST BANK 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED
A+
What are three functions of proteins? - ...ANSWER...Movement (work horses of life) Oxygen carrying Structure What are the main decomposers in an ecosystem? - ...ANSWER...Fungi & bacteria There is mercury in seafood. The seafood having the highest concentrations of mercury are where in the food chain? - ...ANSWER...At the top of the food chain What is one lesson from the pyramid of numbers? - ...ANSWER...Eating grain-fed beef is an inefficient means of obtaining the energy trapped by photosynthesis What is a population? - ...ANSWER...The members of one species that inhabit a particular area at a given time How does carbon in the air get into organic molecules? - ...ANSWER...Photosynthesis If the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere was 300 parts per million (ppm) in 1950 and will be 400 ppm in the year 2020, what percent increase will have taken place?
And what is the formula to determine this? - ...ANSWER...Formula: difference/original x 100 100/300 x 100 = 33 What are two ways that carbon is released into the atmosphere? - ...ANSWER. 1. Cellular respiration
- Burning of wood & fossil fuels What is noteworthy or interesting about the nitrogen cycle? - ...ANSWER...The nitrogen cycle begins with living organisms and their organic states & decomposers break those organisms down once they are dead to turn the nitrogen in them to an inorganic state. Finally, plants take up that nitrogen & return it to an organic state Morphine can dock on a brain receptor normally serving as a dock for a natural brain chemical named endorphin. This best demonstrates what? - ...ANSWER...That shape determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another What is one calorie? - ...ANSWER...The amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of liquid water by 1 degree Celsius Name a chemical functional group - ...ANSWER...Hydroxyl OH Amino NH What are the four major groups of large organic molecules? - ...ANSWER...Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids How many molecules of water are needed to completely breakdown a polymer that is 8 monomers long? - ...ANSWER...One molecule less than there are monomers. In this case, 7 molecules
Which two categories of plants do you consume in one day or one meal if you are not eating meat and don't have soybeans or quinoa? - ...ANSWER...Grains and legumes What is the cause of the biodiversity crisis? - ...ANSWER...Humans that are not aware of their environmental footprint and cause extinction of other species and organisms What kinds of bonds are involved in maintaining the secondary structure of a protein? - ...ANSWER...Hydrogen bonds Name a carnivorous plant that is native to New England, does its trap snap shut? - ...ANSWER...Pitcher plant, no it does not snap shut Contrast the flow of nutrients on the one hand, and energy on the other, in ecosystems - ...ANSWER...Flow of energy:
- sun gives energy to microorganisms & decomposers, primary producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers
- primary producers, primary consumers, & secondary consumers give off heat to the atmosphere as well as heat to detrivus Flow of nutrients:
- primary producers give nutrients to primary consumers who give nutrients to secondary consumers who give nutrients to detrivus
- primary producers, primary consumers, & secondary consumers all give nutrients to detrivus who gives nutrients to microorganisms
- microorganisms give nutrients to primary producers In photosynthesis what two things are needed to start the cycle and what are two products? - ...ANSWER...H2O is needed to for the light reaction process and CO2 is needed for the calvin cycle within photosynthesis Two products of photosynthesis are O2 from the light reactions and sugar from the calvin cycle
You are living in the late 1800s and you want to find out which wavelengths of light are most useful for photosynthesis. You have bacteria you are able to see with a microscope that congregate where there is more oxygen. What would you do to find out which wavelengths of light are most useful for photosynthesis? What else would you need? What would you see? - ...ANSWER...I would need a form of light and different color filters, maybe from a prism in order to produce different color wavelengths to test which would be most conducive to photosynthesis. I would see that green wavelengths are least effective but that blue, indigo, violet & red are the most useful wavelengths for photosynthesis What is a vesicle? - ...ANSWER...A membrane sac in transit What is an endomembrane system? - ...ANSWER...Membranes of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles, and plasma membrane What are ribosomes? - ...ANSWER...The site of protein synthesis in all cells; the "dots" in our process flow chart What is the nucleolus? - ...ANSWER...Makes the ribosomes What is the golgi apparatus? - ...ANSWER...Modifies and packages products form the endoplasmic reticulum What is the nucleus? - ...ANSWER...Houses nearly all chromosomes What is endosymbiosis? - ...ANSWER...When prokaryotic cells got inside of early eukaryotic cells and became a part of the eukaryotic cells Name one structural feature or component shared by both plant and animal cells but not found in prokaryotic cells - ...ANSWER...The nucleus
pathway by binding to an enzyme crucial to a step early in the pathway How does ATP generally energize a cellular process? - ...ANSWER...By transferring a phosphate group to another molecule What are some facts about enzyme inhibitors? - ...ANSWER...Have been used by terrorists Are used to kill bacteria Attach to the enzyme changing its shape and blocking the active site If you have two curves on a graph representing the activation energy and one is higher and one is lower, which curve represents the reaction when there is no enzyme to help along the reaction? - ...ANSWER...The curve that is higher, activation energy is higher in this case In a graph measuring optimal temperature for two enzymes, what measurement is on the (Y) axis? - ...ANSWER...Rate of reaction: faster is higher and slower is lower Most enzymes are and names of enzymes end in - ...ANSWER...Proteins & "ase" If electrons are donated to a molecule, the molecule receiving the electrons are...? - ...ANSWER...Reduced remember LEOGER Loss Electron Oxidized Gain Electrons Reduced
What are some products of glycolysis? - ...ANSWER...Pyruvate & two ATP per glucose molecule catabolized Most of the ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration is most directly a result of what? - ...ANSWER...A proton gradient made by the electron transport chain What are two facts about ATP synthase? - ...ANSWER...Joins ADP and P to make ATP & is powered by the passage of protons through an enzyme down the protons' concentration gradient Which metabolic process or pathway is common to both fermentation and aerobic respiration? - ...ANSWER...Glycolysis Where do most of the electron carrier (NAD+/NADH) molecules become reduced? - ...ANSWER...In the citric acid cycle Most of the carbon dioxide released during aerobic cellular respiration is released during what? - ...ANSWER...The citric acid (Krebs) cycle What is fermentation used to make? - ...ANSWER...ATP in cells of our leg muscles when we spring starting from resting Beer & yogurt What is endosymbiosis? Name an organelle that is almost certainly of endosymbiotic origin - ...ANSWER...When one organism engulfs another and the organism engulfed lives in the other as they both benefit from the arrangement. Because they both benefit, this gets passed down from generation to generation through evolution. The nucleus if an organelle of endosymbiotic origin Where are the light-harvesting pigments of photosynthesis located? - ...ANSWER...In the thylakoid membrane
Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei reforming at opposite poles of what was originally one cell. The cell is most likely a (an)... - ...ANSWER...Plant cell in the process of cytokinesis Mitosis is for or is part of what two things? - ...ANSWER...Growth & asexual reproduction Each chromosome is composed of two chromatids during which two phases? - ...ANSWER...Prophase & metaphase What was the outcome of the kinetochore experiment? - ...ANSWER...While chromosomes move toward poles the spindle depolymerizes at the chromosomes In the cells in some organisms, at some stages of development, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in what? - ...ANSWER...Cells with more than one nucleus If you start with one nucleus containing 46 chromosomes at the end of one round of mitosis, how many nuclei will there be? How many chromosomes will there be per nucleus? - ...ANSWER...Two nuclei & 46 chromosomes each Where are the two chromatids of a chromosome attached to each other? - ...ANSWER...At the centromere What are homologous chromosomes? - ...ANSWER...Chromosomes with the same genes in the same order In meiosis, when does synapsis occur? - ...ANSWER...In prophase I Which of the following is the most common for a human male? XX or XY? - ...ANSWER...XY One nucleus contains 14 chromosomes prior to meiosis. After meiosis is completed, how many nuclei are there and how many chromosomes
per nucleus are there? - ...ANSWER...There are 4 nuclei after complete meiosis and 7 chromosomes per nucleus Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that... - ...ANSWER...Sister chromatids separate during anaphase Meiosis and fertilization are part of the life cycle of what kinds of organisms? - ...ANSWER...All sexually reproducing organisms Two dice are rolled simultaneously; what are the chances that both will show 6? - ...ANSWER...1/ To get this you square the 6 Which process is responsible for the fact that any one chromosome you contribute to a gamete is a mix of chromosomes from your two parents? - ...ANSWER...The process of crossing over The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many genetically different gametes. What is the major reason for this? - ...ANSWER...Different possible arrangements of chromosomes early in meiosis An organism that is homozygous for a particular gene has what? - ...ANSWER...Has two copies of the same allele of that gene The allele for red flowers is dominant while the allele for white flowers is recessive. You have a red-flowered plant of unknown genotype. You perform a test cross and about half of the F1 progeny are red and about half are white. What is the genotype of the red- flowered parent? - ...ANSWER...By crossing Rr x rr you get half Rr and half rr The answer is Rr
are working with two chromosome pairs, one gene on each. If an individual is heterozygous for both genes (as you would see in the F1), how many possible gamete genotypes can that individual make?
...ANSWER...It can make 4 gametes The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. Which of the following best describes this? - ...ANSWER...Antiparallel, with each strand having a 5' end and a 3' end The flow of information in a cell proceeds in what order? - ...ANSWER...From DNA to RNA to protein Which one of the following lists the four bases contained in DNA? - ...ANSWER...Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine If the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA is GTGAACATA, then the sequence of bases in the complementary strand of DNA is what? - ...ANSWER...CACTTGTAT What is true of DNA replication? - ...ANSWER...It is preparation for mitosis and meiosis, and a short RNA primer is attached to the template first before DNA polymerases can add complimentary DNA nucleotides What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome? - ...ANSWER...A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of DNA What is a nucleotide made up of? - ...ANSWER...A sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base There is a short YouTube movie that I described to you about Camp Sundown where the children all have xoderma pigmentosum. Why did I take a minute of class time to describe this movie? - ...ANSWER...To underscore the importance of DNA proofreading enzymes
What is an accurate summary of transcription? - ...ANSWER...The code of DNA is used to make RNA RNA processing takes place in and during this process are removed so that they do not get used as instructions for the making of a protein - ...ANSWER...Nucleus, introns The genetic code is considered nearly universal because of what reason? - ...ANSWER...It is shared by virtually all living things on earth If a polypeptide is made up of 300 amino acids, how many DNA nucleotides made up the instructions for this polypeptide? - ...ANSWER... We know this because there are 3 bases per amino acid and there are 300 amino acids in this case meaning that there are 900 DNA nucleotides that made up the instructions for this polypeptide What causes mutations? - ...ANSWER...Cigarette smoking Ultraviolet light X rays Information that serves as instructions for making proteins is transferred from the nuclease to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells in the form of what? - ...ANSWER...Messenger RNA (mRNA) The function of tRNA during protein synthesis is to do what? - ...ANSWER...Deliver the correct amino acid to the ribosome What is not directly involved in translation? - ...ANSWER...DNA What is the best explanation for why most carriers of sickle cell disease have a normal life? - ...ANSWER...Carriers have both the allele that is the instructions for making the altered hemoglobin and the allele that encodes for normal hemoglobin and both are transcribed and translated
What is true about Southern Mexico? - ...ANSWER...80% of their thoughts are about plants What is a summary of our use of plants? - ...ANSWER...We rely on hundreds of species of plants Food: direct and indirect Plants: clean up contaminants Medicine Oxygen: from photosynthesis What are annuals? Biennials? Perennials? - ...ANSWER...Annuals: complete their life cycle in a year or less (seed, seeding, plant within a year) Biennials: require two growing seasons Perennials: live for many years (shrubs, trees) In plants, what do shoots rely on? - ...ANSWER...Water and minerals absorbed by the root system In plants, what do roots rely on? - ...ANSWER...Sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system What are apical meristems? - ...ANSWER...Perpetually embryonic, located at the tips of roots and shoots and in the axillary buds of shoots A dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the tip What is primary growth? - ...ANSWER...When apical meristems elongate shoots and roots (growth in length) growth occurs just behind the root tip, root tip covered by a root cap (protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil
What are nodes? - ...ANSWER...Where branches from off of stems What are internodes? - ...ANSWER...In-between nodes on the stem What is the vascular cambium? - ...ANSWER...A meristem that produces secondary growth that adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem What is the cork cambium? - ...ANSWER...A meristem that produces secondary growth and replaces the epidermis with cork, which is thicker and tougher What is secondary growth? - ...ANSWER...Growth in diameter The secondary plant body consists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium Characteristic of gymnosperms Secondary xylem accumulates as what? - ...ANSWER...Wood, and consists of cells that carry or carried water, and fibers.
- early wood, formed in the spring, has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery
- late wood, formed in late summer, has thick walled cells and contributes more to stem support What are the functions of modified stems? - ...ANSWER...Asexual reproduction & store food and water On a cactus, stems are flattened and photosynthetic functioning like what? - ...ANSWER...Functioning like leaves What is a rhizome? - ...ANSWER...An underground stem, more or less horizontal; leafy shoot and roots sprout in new location ie: hammonasset marsh
If you were to design an experiment testing the benefit of a vitamin, half of the participants would be given the vitamin and the group would be given scientists as they were combining organic molecules found in the surroundings and amino acids formed as a result, proving that they occur spontaneously How does science differ from art, religion and philosophy? - ...ANSWER...By limiting its inquiry to the observable and measurable Consider this segment of a food web: snails and grasshoppers eat tomato plants; spiders eat grasshoppers; shrews eat snails and spiders; owls eat shrews. The shrew occupies what trophic level? - ...ANSWER...Secondary and tertiary consumer Do leaflets have axillary buds? - ...ANSWER...No, the axillary bud only forms where there is a new leaf off of the stem What are some functions of leaves? - ...ANSWER...Tendrils (advantageous bc tendrils grow up towards the sun & avoid predators) Spines (cacti spikes) Floatation devices Store water Bulbs (onion containing leaves surrounding a short stem) Feed and/or house animals Absorption of water (spanish moss via hairs that coat stem)
Bud scales Color attracts pollinators Carnivore (traps on plants, i.e. pitcher plant) Asexual reproduction What are stomata? - ...ANSWER...The microscopic holes in the epidermis of leaves that allow gas exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf What are spongy mesophyll? - ...ANSWER...Where gas exchange occurs What is the vascular tissue of a leaf? - ...ANSWER...Veins of the leaf that function as the leaf's skeleton carry out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots as well as xylem and phloem What is the purpose of hairs on plants? - ...ANSWER...Outgrowths of the epidermis and can help with defense against insects ie: pea pods experiment, hairiest ones have 10% damage slightly hairy 25% damage bald pods 40% damage What are fiber cells in plants? - ...ANSWER...Rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin, long. Provide support and are dead at functional maturity What are xylem? - ...ANSWER...Water conducting cells are dead at maturity
