Download BIO 265 Final Exam Q&A: Lymphatic System and Blood Pressure and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 265 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE 2025/ 2026 GET IT ALREADY GRADE A +
The lymphatic system - CORRECT ANSWER >> removes excess fluid from tissues. absorbs lipids from the digestive tract. defends the body against microorganisms and other foreign substances. Which structure of the lymphatic system filters lymph by removing bacteria and allows for lymphocytes to collect together and proliferate? - CORRECT ANSWER >> lymph nodes
The spleen - CORRECT ANSWER >> is considered a lymphatic organ acts as a blood reservoir destroys defective and old red blood cells Which of the following is the BEST summary of a tissue called "tonsils"? - CORRECT ANSWER >> Tonsilsare large accumulations of lymphatic nodules that do not connect directly to lymphatic vessels and are sometimes referred to as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Peyer's patches are: - CORRECT ANSWER >> lymphatic nodules around the GI tract
What do lymphatic vessels and veins have in common? - CORRECT ANSWER >> They both have one wayvalves
Which white blood cell type release a large amount of histamine and heparin during response? - CORRECT ANSWER >> Basophils
Which blood cell type transforms into macrophages? - CORRECT ANSWER >> monocytes Which white blood cell type modulates inflammatory response by producing and releasing enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER >> eosinophils
Which cell type is usually the first to respond to infection and is the most numerous? - CORRECT ANSWER >> neutorphils
Which structure of the lymphatic system is the site for T-cell maturation? - CORRECT ANSWER >>thymus
The thoracic duct - CORRECT ANSWER >> is the largest lymphatic vessel drains lymph from the entire left side of the body drains lymph from right side inferior to the thorax What is the pathway of lymph? - CORRECT ANSWER >> enters the lymphatic capillaries---lymph vessels--lymphatic nodes---lymphatic trunk---thoracic veins
Iam N Flamed goes to the doctor with the following symptoms; a fever, flu-like symptoms and very swollen tonsils and adenoid glands. What is the significance of the swollen lymph glands? - CORRECT ANSWER >> The body is likely fighting a respiratory viral or bacterial infection The two major functions of macrophages is - CORRECT ANSWER >> protection and removal of dead cellsand debris from the body
If the pressure of a vessel remains constant and the diameter of a vessel increases, what happens to the force applied to the vessel wall - CORRECT ANSWER >> increases
Dr. Armstrong takes the vital signs of her newest patient. She documents that the patient has a bloodpressure measurement of 124/72 and a heart rate of 60 beats per minute. From this information she determines the patient's pulse pressure to be - CORRECT ANSWER >> 52 Baroreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER >> are sensitive to stretch, both an increase and decrease of stretch The outcome of baroreceptors detecting an increase in blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWER >> causesan increase in parasympathetic stimulation of the heart by Ach
When the baroreceptors in the carotid arteries and aorta detect a decrease in blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWER >> parasympathetic stimulation decreases
adrenal medulla increases secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine the heart increases the rate and stroke volume increase vasoconstriction of the arteries result If carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, a chemoreceptor reflex would occur to cause... - CORRECT ANSWER >> faster heart rate
Which of the following chemical substances, when released into the blood, could cause blood pressure to decrease? - CORRECT ANSWER >> atria natriuretic hormone
Chemoreceptor reflexes detect changes in - CORRECT ANSWER >> blood pH blood gas concentration
The CNS ischemic response - CORRECT ANSWER >> is activated in response to lack of blood flow to themedulla oblongata
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) is secreted if there is a(n) ___________ in the osmolality of blood or a(n) __________ in blood pressure. - CORRECT ANSWER >> increase, decrease
What statement is correct regarding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism? - CORRECT ANSWER >> aldosterone causes the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine - CORRECT ANSWER >> will result in vasoconstriction except fortissues with beta-adrenergic receptors, then the vessels will dilate
Angiotensin I is formed from the plasma protein ____ by the action of the enzyme _____. - CORRECT ANSWER >> angiotensinogen; renin.
Which of the following is likely to trigger more action potentials comming from the baroreceptors? - CORRECT ANSWER >> septic Shock hemorrhagic shockcardiogenic shock anaphylactic shock While Dick and Jane were backpacking on a trail in Yellowstone Park, they encountered a grizzly bearcub that seemed amazingly tame. However, while Dick tried to feed the cub, its mother appeared and attacked him. Jane escaped by climbing a tree, but Dick received several deep lacerations (cuts) and losta lot of blood over the next several hours. Jane helped him reach medical aid, and he survived.
Which of the following mechanisms was (were) activated to help keep Dick alive? (1) baroreceptor mechanism;(2) CNS ischemic response; (3) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism;(4) fluid shift mechanism; (5) antidiuretic hormone mechanism;
When the net filtration pressure is positive - CORRECT ANSWER >> fluid moves out of the capillary The greater the osmotic pressure of a fluid, the greater the tendency for water to move out of that fluid. - CORRECT ANSWER >> false
There are no fluctuations in blood pressure occuring in the capillaries and veins. - CORRECT ANSWER >>true
Which pressure is the difference in pressure between the blood and the interstitial fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER >> NHP (net hydrostatic)
What allows for the outward movement of fluid from a capillary? - CORRECT ANSWER >> The nethydrostatic pressure is greater than the net osmotic pressure.
The net filtration pressure is positive. What may happen to the outward movement of fluid in capillaries if blood pressure decreased? - CORRECT ANSWER >> There would be a decrease of movement.
What may occur around capillary beds if there was a decreased concentration of albumin in the blood? - CORRECT ANSWER >> edema
Why is the IFP expressed as a negative number? - CORRECT ANSWER >> due to the suction effect by thelymphatic vessels
How is local control of blood flow achieved? - CORRECT ANSWER >> periodic relaxation and contractionof precapillary sphincters
Hydrostatic pressure is ______ and colloid osmotic pressure is ______ at the arterial end of a capillary. - CORRECT ANSWER >> higher, lower
The resistance to blood flow is greatest in the - CORRECT ANSWER >> arterioles
Compliance of a blood vessel is its ability to increase its _____________ as blood pressure increases, and of the two major types of blood vessels, __________ have more compliance. - CORRECT ANSWER >> volume, veins Increased resistance to blood flow is caused by - CORRECT ANSWER >> vasoconstriction. Blood flow in capillaries that branch from the arterioles is regulated by: - CORRECT ANSWER >>precapillary sphincters.
Given these blood vessels: (1) arteriole;(2) capillary; (3) elastic artery;(4) muscular artery; (5) vein;(6) venule Choose the arrangement that lists the blood vessels in the order a red blood cell passes through them as it leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and returns to the heart. - CORRECT ANSWER >> 3,4,1,2,6,
The tunica media is mostly elastic tissue (which helps prevents a rapid decrease in blood pressure). This is a good description of which class of blood vessel? - CORRECT ANSWER >> elastic arteries
Portal veins are apart of a primary capillary bed and extend into a secondary capillary bed. Two portal veins in the body are found in the: - CORRECT ANSWER >> kidney and liver
Which type of blood vessel is found in the tunica adventitia and tunica media, and that supplies nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins? - CORRECT ANSWER >> vasa vasorum
The walls of most blood vessels in the body are innervated by the ____________ nervous system and cause smooth muscle cells to ____________. - CORRECT ANSWER >> sympathetic;constrict
occurs in response to a buildup of carbon dioxide in the tissues. occurs in response to a decrease in oxygen in the tissues. What is TRUE about venules? - CORRECT ANSWER >> Venules receive blood from capillaries What cardiovascular vessel allows blood to travel from arterioles to small veins without passing through a capillary bed? - CORRECT ANSWER >> arteriovenous anastomoses
What determines the blood type of a person? - CORRECT ANSWER >> antigens on the red blood cellsurface.
A person with type A blood - CORRECT ANSWER >> will have a transfusion reaction if given type Bblood.
If a mother has produced anti-Rh antibodies, which fetus will develop hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)? - CORRECT ANSWER >> One with Rh-positive red blood cells.
When the wrong blood type is given to a patient, the antibodies in the patient's blood react with the antigens on the surface of the transfused blood causing a reaction called - CORRECT ANSWER >> agglutination John has blood type B. In an emergency, John could receive which of the following blood types? - CORRECT ANSWER >> B or O
What type of blood is considered the "universal donor"? - CORRECT ANSWER >> O- What process occurs if type A blood is given to a person with type B blood? - CORRECT ANSWER >>agglutination
ABO blood grouping - CORRECT ANSWER >> is a system to categorize human blood based on surfaceantigens of red blood cells
With blood type, an antigen corresponds to the type of blood. In other words, type A blood has A antigens. - CORRECT ANSWER >> true
What type of blood is considered the "universal recipient"? - CORRECT ANSWER >> AB+ Type AB blood - CORRECT ANSWER >> has both A and B antigens on the red blood cells. An agglutination reaction is - CORRECT ANSWER >> the binding of an antigen to an antibody, causingcell clumping
The Rh antigen - CORRECT ANSWER >> is usually expressed with the blood type If a Rh-negative mother becomes pregnant with a Rh-positive baby she must be given an injection of_____________ to prevent the development of hemolytic disease of the newborn in the next pregnancy of a Rh-positive baby: - CORRECT ANSWER >> RhoGAM An infant born with hemolytic disease of the newborn has the following conditions: - CORRECT ANSWER >> anemia
increased bilirubin Which of the following is true about the ABO blood typing system? - CORRECT ANSWER >> Those with Bantigens on their red blood cells do not produce anti-B antibody.
Those who are Rh-positive have which condition: - CORRECT ANSWER >> Rh proteins on the RBC thatact similar to an antigen
All of the following are true about the Rh-factor, EXCEPT: - CORRECT ANSWER >> An Rh-positive motherneeds to take a Rhogam shot if they have a Rh-negative baby.
Platelet adhesion is mostly mediated through a protein called von Willebrand factor (vWF) which forms bridges between collagen and platelets - CORRECT ANSWER >> true
The common pathway of clot formation begins with - CORRECT ANSWER >> the production of activatedfactor X that activates prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin - CORRECT ANSWER >> activates factor XIII, which stabilizes the clot converts fibrinogen into fibrin is part of a positive feedback cycle Why must clot formation be controlled? - CORRECT ANSWER >> small amounts of thrombin areconstantly being created
may initiate through the entire system of a healthy individual rough areas of vessels may stimulate clot formation Antithrombin - CORRECT ANSWER >> slowly inactivates thrombin The enzyme involved in the breakdown of a clot (fibrinolysis) is - CORRECT ANSWER >> plasmin Which of the following is involved in the progression of a platelet plug? - CORRECT ANSWER >> vonWillebrand's factor
ADP thromboxane A
Active platelets release ADP and thromboxane into the bloodstream. Once released ADP and thromboxane: - CORRECT ANSWER >> activated other platelets by binding to them
Platelet aggregation occurs when: - CORRECT ANSWER >> platelets bind to fibrinogen throughfibrinogen receptors.
Thrombocytes - CORRECT ANSWER >> is another term for platelets are cell fragments, not cells A platelet plug - CORRECT ANSWER >> occurs with damage to the blood vessels and can seal smallbreaks
Which of the following is NOT a step in the formation of a platelet plug? - CORRECT ANSWER >>platelets release chemicals that subsequently breakdown the platelet plug
The clot breaks down by - CORRECT ANSWER >> none of the above Mean arterial pressure is - CORRECT ANSWER >> cardiac output times peripheral resistance. Afterload is: - CORRECT ANSWER >> the arterial pressure that the ventricles must overcome to ejectblood.
Which of the following are TRUE statements? - CORRECT ANSWER >> An increase preload will increasecardiac output
An increase in end diastolic volume will increase cardiac output An increase in venous return will increase cardiac output
Because of the baroreceptor reflex, when normal arterial blood pressure decreases, the - CORRECT ANSWER >> frequency of afferent action potentials from baroreceptors will decrease.
If a person pushed their fingers on their carotid artery just below the carotid sinus, they could cause less blood to flow into the carotid sinus. This would cause... - CORRECT ANSWER >> a baroreceptor reflex that increased the heart rate The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to - CORRECT ANSWER >>the end-diastolic volume.
"Starling's Law" essentially states... - CORRECT ANSWER >> increased entry of blood to a ventricle willresult in an increased force of ventricular contraction
Increased stretching of baroreceptors normally results in... - CORRECT ANSWER >> decreased heart rateand decreased blood pressure
The carotid baroreceptors measure pressure - CORRECT ANSWER >> by increase in stretching How does the body respond when blood pressure increases in a normal individual? - CORRECT ANSWER >> parasympathetic stimulation of the heart will increase, sympathetic stimulation of the heart will decrease, heart rate will decrease, stroke volume will decrease Which of the following statements is MOST likely describing a scenario where afterload increases? - CORRECT ANSWER >> A person takes a drug that increases vasoconstriction a lot in the peripheral arteries This is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle. - CORRECT ANSWER >> ventricular filling,isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
The term systole refers to ____________ and ventrical _____________. The term diastole refers to __________ and ventrical ______________. - CORRECT ANSWER >> contract; ejection; relax; filling
The heart sounds correspond... - CORRECT ANSWER >> to the closing of the valves in the heart due tochanges in pressure
Ventricular pressure is increasing, blood volume remains the same, all valves are closed indicate which period of the cardiac cycle? - CORRECT ANSWER >> period of isovolumetric contraction
In a physiology lab at school you are to listen to one another's heart beat. As you place the stethoscopeover your classmate's chest you start hearing a "lubb" and a "dubb" sound. The "lubb" sound is telling you when: - CORRECT ANSWER >> the atrioventricular valves are closing Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) generates a murmur associated with the _____ heart sound that occurs when the ____. - CORRECT ANSWER >> lubb (S1); ventricles contract
Which ECG wave happens the closest to the period of isovolumic contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER >>QRS
During this period of the cardiac cycle, the AV valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open - CORRECT ANSWER >> period of ejection
While the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is - CORRECT ANSWER >> going to go higher and then lower than the pressure in the aorta
All valves closed, volume remains the same (no blood flow into ventricles), ventricular pressure decreases corresponds to which stage of the cardiac cycle? - CORRECT ANSWER >> period of isovolumetric relaxation During this period of the cardiac cycle, both the semilunar and the AV valves are closed - CORRECT ANSWER >> period of isovolumetric relaxation period of isovolumetric contraction The dicrotic notch - CORRECT ANSWER >> is the slight increase of aortic pressure observed as the aorticsemilunar valve closes
Given these structures of the conducting system of the heart: (1) atrioventricular bundle;(2) AV node; (3) bundle branches;(4) Purkinje fibers; (5) SA node. Choose the arrangements that lists the structures in the order an action potential passes through them. - CORRECT ANSWER >> 5,2,1,3,
The "pacemaker" of the heart is considered the - CORRECT ANSWER >> SA node The __________ conducts impulses from the AV node to branches that lead to the Purkinje fibers. - CORRECT ANSWER >> av bundle
The conducting system of the heart: - CORRECT ANSWER >> causes ventricular contraction at the apex,which then progresses towards the base of the heart.
The conducting system is in place to stimulate the contraction of the ventricles only. - CORRECT ANSWER >> false
The delay 0.15 seconds from the SA node action potentials and the AV action potentials is due to - CORRECT ANSWER >> travel from one node to the other
the slow propagation of the AV node the need for the atria to contract completely prior to the ventricles initiating contraction The ventricular walls begin contraction in response to - CORRECT ANSWER >> the Purkinje fibersgenerating action potentials
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a helpful tool to diagnose cardiac abnormalities in a noninvasive way. However, it cannot measure which of the following cardiac events? - CORRECT ANSWER >> heart force of contraction The QRS complex represents - CORRECT ANSWER >> ventricular depolarization The P wave of an ECG represents - CORRECT ANSWER >> atrial depolarization A physician wants to detect the summation of all the action potentials transmitted by the cardiac musclecells through the heart in an noninvasive way. What test would you suggest to the physician that he/she use? - CORRECT ANSWER >> electrocardiogram An ECG - CORRECT ANSWER >> monitors and records the propagation of cardiac action potentials Which wave signals the onset of ventricular contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER >> QRS complex Which wave signals the onset of atrial contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER >> P wave Which wave represents atrial repolarization? - CORRECT ANSWER >> none of the above Which wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization? - CORRECT ANSWER >> T wave Which of the following is the BEST answer for when blood would be ejected from the right and left ventricle? - CORRECT ANSWER >> Immediately following an S-wave
The QT interval represents the time required for the _______________ to ____________________. - CORRECT ANSWER >> ventricles; contract and begin to relax
An ECG analysis can NOT reveal which of the following abnormalities? - CORRECT ANSWER >>hypertension at the aorta
