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BIO 325- Genetics Fischer Final Exam 2025, Exams of Biology

The University of Texas at AustinBiology

__________ is the basic unit of inheritance gene What are examples of a pure breeding line? -A population of short plants whose parents were all short -A population of tall plants with purple flowers that have produced the same phenotype for several generations Transgenic mice can be created by injecting DNA into __________ of a zygote one pronucleus The DNA that is injected may ____________ so that there are many tandem copies. concatamerize The injected DNA integrates into the host chromosome at a __________ site random The injected zygote is placed into a ____________ ___________ receptive female The pups that are whelped are tested by examining DNA isolated from a piece of their _______ tail Researchers create reproductive clones-- how? somatic cell nuclear transfer Huntington disease is caused by a dominant allele of the ______ with an expanded number of ____________ repeats within the coding region. HD gene; CAG triplet

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2024/2025

Available from 09/03/2025

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Bio 325
Bio 325
BIO 325- Genetics Fischer Final Exam 2025
__________ is the basic unit of inheritance
gene
What are examples of a pure breeding line?
-A population of short plants whose parents were all short
-A population of tall plants with purple flowers that have produced the same
phenotype for several generations
Transgenic mice can be created by injecting DNA into __________ of a zygote
one pronucleus
The DNA that is injected may ____________ so that there are many tandem
copies.
concatamerize
The injected DNA integrates into the host chromosome at a __________ site
random
The injected zygote is placed into a ____________ ___________
receptive female
The pups that are whelped are tested by examining DNA isolated from a piece of
their _______
tail
Researchers create reproductive clones-- how?
somatic cell nuclear transfer
Huntington disease is caused by a dominant allele of the ______ with an expanded
number of ____________ repeats within the coding region.
HD gene; CAG triplet
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

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BIO 325- Genetics Fischer Final Exam 2025

__________ is the basic unit of inheritance gene What are examples of a pure breeding line?

  • A population of short plants whose parents were all short
  • A population of tall plants with purple flowers that have produced the same phenotype for several generations Transgenic mice can be created by injecting DNA into __________ of a zygote one pronucleus The DNA that is injected may ____________ so that there are many tandem copies. concatamerize The injected DNA integrates into the host chromosome at a __________ site random The injected zygote is placed into a ____________ ___________ receptive female The pups that are whelped are tested by examining DNA isolated from a piece of their _______ tail Researchers create reproductive clones-- how? somatic cell nuclear transfer Huntington disease is caused by a dominant allele of the ______ with an expanded number of ____________ repeats within the coding region. HD gene; CAG triplet

Transgenic farm animals and plants can provide a _______-________ and _____- _______ alternative to cell culture for producing human proteins. cost-effective; high-yield Proteins produced in transgenic animals can be useful for ________ ___________. Medical purposes Bacterial proteins produced in plants can be useful as ________. vaccines The term __________ refers to the use of transgenic farm animals to produce therapeutically useful proteins pharming One reason transgenic farm animals are used for producing proteins of therapeutic use is the _______ __________ of protein that can be produced. large quantities Rare transgenic animals that produce high levels of a useful protein can be replicated most effectively by ___________ __________. reproductive cloning AAVs have _____-_______ DNA genomes that become _________-_________ after infection of host cells single-stranded; double-straded The defective double-stranded AAV genomes containing the therapeutic gene usually do not integrate into the ____ ____ _________, through they can still produce the therapy proteins. host cell chromosomes Currently most human gene therapy relies on the use of using ______ _______ to introduce DNA into cells. viral vectors

TALENs are bioengineered molecules that include an endonuclease peptide and a? a. DNA binding domain created from motifs of a bacterial protein b. DNA binding domain from a eukaryotic transcription factor. c. DNA binding domain from the Lac repressor. d. DNA binding domain of a DNA polymerase. a. DNA binding domain created from motifs of a bacterial protein Currently the two main vectors for delivery of therapeutic genes for human gene therapy are? AAV and retroviral/retroviruses What is one problem associated with using retroviruses as human gene therapy vectors? a. Their random integration into the host chromosome may result in detrimental mutations. b. They need to integrate through an RNA intermediate. c. The level of proteins produced from them is usually very low. d. The level of proteins produced from them is usually very high. a. Their random integration into the host chromosome may result in detrimental mutations Knockout mice contain a chromosome with an amorphic allele of the targeted gene Steps for creating a knockout mice

  1. the gene of interest is mutagenized by the insertion of a resistance marker
  2. the DNA constructs are added to the culture medium of embryonic stem cells
  3. Cells that have incorporated the DNA construct into their genome are selected with drugs
  4. PCR is used to identify cell lines whose chromosomes acquired the DNA construct through homologous recombination
  5. Cells are injected into blastocysts, which are implanted in surrogate mothers
  6. Chimeric mice are obtained and can be mated to produce mice with two copies of the inactive gene

In gene therapy to treat disease DNA is added to the genome; the DNA of a gene is altered In vivo gene therapy is used if doctors can

  • access the tissue easily
  • not remove cells from the patient's body A strain of mice engineered to carry a mutation that is analogous to a disease- causing mutation in a human gene is called a mouse ______ model Mice that are made up of cells from two different organisms are called chimeras Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique used in cloning Pharming can refer to
  • production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock
  • the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants In gene _____, scientist mutagenize a specific gene in vitro, and then transform the mutant DNA into the cell type of interest targeting Gene _____ is the manipulation of genes to treat diseases therapy Treatment of cells with a therapy gene outside of the body followed by reintroduction into the body is called ex vivo gene therapy retroviral and adeno-associated viral vectors used for gene therapy
  • encode viral packaging sequences
  • lack almost the entire viral genome

A fertilized mouse egg contains two haploid pronuclei. Following the first mitotic division, what does the embryo consist of? two diploid cells Steps for creating a transgenic mouse through pronuclear injection:

  1. Mate a male and female mouse
  2. Harvest the fertilized eggs form the females reproductive tract
  3. Inject DNA into either one of the pronuclei of the fertilized egg
  4. Implant the egg into the ovoduct pseudo-pregnant female
  5. The injected, fertilized egg can continue its development as an embryo The production of human protein drugs in transgenic plants and animals is called _________. pharming Conditional knockout mice are important to study the function of ___________. essential genes Mice with genes that can be inactivated specifically when investigators alter the environmental conditions are called _______________ _____________ mice. conditional knockout Reasons mouse embryonic stem cells are used for gene targeting:
  • ES cells can be moved from a dish to a developing embryo where they are incorporated into all cell types, including germ line cells
  • Investigators can screen through a large number of cells to find one containing the targeted mutation A gene whose expression will fight disease is a ___________ gene. therapeutic Components of T-DNA:
  • Gene that causes cell overgrowth
  • Right border (RB)
  • Left border (LB)

P element vectors contain:

  • P element ends
  • a marker gene Knockin mice are used for the study of? Dwarfism In the creation of a knockout mouse, chimeric mice are mated to what type of mice to generate nonmosaic heterozygous progeny? wild type Mice containing a chromosome with an amorphic allele of a targeted gene are called ____________ mice. knockout Two general strategies for altering genomes:
  • creation of transgenic organisms
  • Targeted mutagenesis The Monsanto company has produced transgenic plant strains resistant to _________ which is a herbicide. The herbicide then kills _________ but not the crop of interest. glyphosate; weeds totipotent can become any cell type The creation of transgenic organisms and targeted __________ are two general strategies for altering genomes. mutagenesis Two general strategies for altering genomes:
  • creation of transgenic organisms
  • targeted mutagenesis

the mutation causes changes in blood cell shape and confers resistance to malaria A single gene may affect more than one trait; this condition is termed? pleiotropy An allele that is lethal only under certain circumstances, such as high temperature, is called a(n) ___________ lethal allele. conditional Expression of the alleles of one gene is masked by alleles of a different gene. epistasis Offspring with the wild-type phenotype are produced by two parents with similar recessive phenotypes. complementation A specific phenotype is produced when only one of two genes is functional. Gene redundancy A polymorphic gene is a gene that has more than one common allele within a population A change in phenotype that arises due to exposure to an environmental agent, such as a chemical, and resembles a phenotype caused by mutant allele of specific genes is called a(n) ___________. phenocopy What phenomenon is observed in a population when three or more alleles can be found for a single gene? multiple alleles Mutations with the B-globin gene:

inefficient transport of oxygen destruction of blood cells (hemolysis) sickling of red blood cells Most common allele in a population: wild-type allele of a gene