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Endocrine System Study Guide: Key Concepts and Mechanisms, Exams of Advanced Education

Chamberlain College of NursingAdvanced Education

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of the endocrine system, covering key concepts, mechanisms, and hormones. It explores the functions of various endocrine glands, including the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands. The guide also delves into the roles of hormones in regulating metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress response. It includes explanations of hormone actions, second messenger systems, and the regulation of hormone secretion.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 04/11/2025

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BIO 669 Endocrine| study guide verified
A+
Permissive Effects of Hormones - correct answer-A hormone can enable a second hormone to become
more functional
i.e. GH has a need for thyroid hormone in order to have its full effect
Water Soluble Hormones - correct answer-Circulate in free/unbound forms
Short-acting response
Bind to surface receptors (plasma membrane surface)
Unable to freely cross the plasma membrane
High molecular weight
Lipid Soluble Hormones - correct answer-Steroid and thyroid hormones
Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes (bind with cytosolic or nuclear receptors of
DNA)
Rapid and long-lasting effects
Bound to carrier proteins in bloodstream
Second Messenger Molecules and Water-Soluble Hormones - correct answer-Second messenger
molecules amplify the effect of one hormone signal into the cell and has multiple effects on the series of
enzymes
i.e. Ca++, cAMP, cGMP, IP3
IP3 - correct answer-Leads to the formation of calcium into the cell - and that calcium can frequently act
as a second messenger
Thyroid Hormone is an example of what type of hormone? - correct answer-A lipid soluble steroid
hormone
TH is carrier bound which allows for lower fluctuations in TH blood concentrations
Adenohypophysis - correct answer-The anterior pituitary portal system of linear capillaries
pf3
pf4

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BIO 669 Endocrine| study guide verified

A+

Permissive Effects of Hormones - correct answer-A hormone can enable a second hormone to become more functional i.e. GH has a need for thyroid hormone in order to have its full effect Water Soluble Hormones - correct answer-Circulate in free/unbound forms Short-acting response Bind to surface receptors (plasma membrane surface) Unable to freely cross the plasma membrane High molecular weight Lipid Soluble Hormones - correct answer-Steroid and thyroid hormones Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes (bind with cytosolic or nuclear receptors of DNA) Rapid and long-lasting effects Bound to carrier proteins in bloodstream Second Messenger Molecules and Water-Soluble Hormones - correct answer-Second messenger molecules amplify the effect of one hormone signal into the cell and has multiple effects on the series of enzymes i.e. Ca++, cAMP, cGMP, IP IP3 - correct answer-Leads to the formation of calcium into the cell - and that calcium can frequently act as a second messenger Thyroid Hormone is an example of what type of hormone? - correct answer-A lipid soluble steroid hormone TH is carrier bound which allows for lower fluctuations in TH blood concentrations Adenohypophysis - correct answer-The anterior pituitary portal system of linear capillaries

Neurohypophysis - correct answer-The posterior pituitary system that arises from a complex of neurons/axons What is one of the first signs of a pituitary mass? - correct answer-Double vision *r/t the position of the optic chiasma and pituitary gland Anterior Pituitary Releases - correct answer-ACTH Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Growth hormone Prolactin FSH LH TSH Beta-lipotropin Beta-endorphins Posterior Pituitary Releases - correct answer-ADH Oxytocin Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus - correct answer-Secretes Oxytocin Supraoptic Nucleus of Hypothalamus - correct answer-Secretes ADH Pineal Gland Secretes - correct answer-Melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms and reproductive systems Plays a role in the onset of puberty Follicles of the thyroid gland include: - correct answer-Iodine and thyroglobulin Parafollicular Cells (C-cells) of the Thyroid Gland - correct answer-Secrete calcitonin which causes a decrease in blood calcium levels (moves into the bone) Thyroid Hormone - correct answer-90% as T 10% as T *Most T4 is converted to T3 (stronger potency)

What hormone is secreted by the pancreas and decreases the effectiveness of both insulin and glucagon? - correct answer-Somatostatin Outer portion of the adrenal gland: - correct answer-Adrenal cortex (consists of three zonas) Zona Glomerulosa - correct answer-Aldosterone is synthesized Zona Fasciculata - correct answer-Largest of layers in the adrenal cortex and secretes cortisol Zona Reticularis - correct answer-Secretes androgens Adrenal Medulla - correct answer-Inner portion of the adrenal gland *Innervated by the SNS and contains Chromaffin cells What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex? - correct answer-ACTH Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) - correct answer-Direct effect on carbohydrate metabolism Anti-inflammatory and growth-suppressing effects *long-term secretion of cortisol can actually lead to connective tissue breakdown Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) - correct answer-Increases the activity of the sodium pump of the epithelial cells Causes sodium retention and potassium and hydrogen loss Weak androgens are converted by peripheral tissues to stronger androgens such as: - correct answer- Testosterone Chromaffin Cells (Adrenal Medulla) - correct answer-Release Epi and Nor-epinephrine *Act like a ganglion of the SNS chain Role of monoamine oxidase: - correct answer-Clears out neurotransmitters in the brain Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) - correct answer-Prevents neurotransmitters from being broken down *Can lead to higher levels of Dopamine, Epi, and NE (increased BP) Random: how does dopamine effect prolactin? - correct answer-Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion Random: catecholamines are synthesized from what amino acid? - correct answer-Phenylalanine