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BIOD 151 021 VIEW AHEAD 2026
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY SET
โ Inferior/Caudal. Answer: away from head/towards toes โ Ventral/Anterior. Answer: towards front of body โ Dorsal/Posterior. Answer: towards back of body โ Medial. Answer: towards midline of body โ Lateral. Answer: away from midline โ Intermediate. Answer: between medial/lateral โ Proximal. Answer: closer to the point of attachment of a limb โ Distal. Answer: farther from the point of attachment of a limp โ Superficial/external. Answer: towards body surface
โ Deep/internal. Answer: away from body surface โ Flexion. Answer: closing joint โ extension. Answer: opening a joint โ abduction. Answer: movement away from midline of body โ adduction. Answer: movement towards midline โ dorsiflexion. Answer: flexion superiorly at ankle - toes up โ plantarflexion. Answer: flexion inferiorly at ankle - toes down โ Radial deviation. Answer: lateral movement of wrist toward the radius โ Ulnar deviation. Answer: medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna โ pronation. Answer: rotation of forearm so palm is turned posteriorly
โ frontal plane. Answer: anterior/posterior plane โ transverse plane. Answer: superior/inferior plane โ oblique plane. Answer: diagonal across horizontal/vertical plane โ dorsal cavity. Answer: protects the nervous system includes the cranial and spinal cavity โ ventral cavity. Answer: thoracic cavity - 2 pleural cavities and pericardial cavity abdominopelvic cavity - abdominal and pelvic cavity โ Serosa. Answer: covers walls of central body cavity and outer surfaces of organs โ Pleurisy. Answer: inflammation of the pleura - membrane in the pleural cavity (parietal and visceral pleura) โ Nine quadrants of abdomen. Answer: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar Right hypogastric, hypogastric, left hypogastric
โ Synovial cavities. Answer: joint capsules โ Tiny ear bones in middle ear cavity. Answer: malleus, incus, stapes โ Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Answer: Prokaryotic: smaller, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles โ Nucleus. Answer: carries DNA Control center for the cell โ Ribosomes. Answer: protein synthesis โ Smooth ER. Answer: lipid synthesis no ribosomes โ Rough ER. Answer: modifies and transports proteins from the ribosomes that are found along its surface โ RNA. Answer: transfer coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis
โ Amphiphatic phospholipid. Answer: bilayer hydrophobic heads hydrophilic tails โ cholesterol. Answer: steroid lipid stabilizes membrane during temperature changes by restricting movement โ peripheral protein. Answer: protein bound to surface of membrane โ integral protein. Answer: protein that channels through entire membrane โ selective permeability. Answer: membrane allows only certain substances to pass โ Diffusion. Answer: passive movement of molecules down concentration gradient does not require energy โ active transport. Answer: requires energy
moves molecules against concentration gradient โ special transport. Answer: endocytosis and exocytosis โ three types of endocytosis. Answer: phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis โ phagocytosis. Answer: pseudopods extend and engulf particles (fingers) phagosome - food vacules โ pinocytosis. Answer: pinch into cell โ receptor mediated endocytosis. Answer: ligand (signalling molecule) binds with receptor protein and signals membrane protein changes shape specific enzymes activated catalyze release of ATP to power metabolic changes in cell โ exocytosis. Answer: Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
โ Epithelial tissue. Answer: covers body surface/lines cavities secretion/absorption โ Muscle tissue. Answer: enables movement โ Connective tissue. Answer: structure and support bones, ligaments, blood and tendons โ Nervous tissue. Answer: communication through electrical pulses โ Integumentary system. Answer: skin - covers and protects deeper tissue from injury Hypodermis, dermis, epidermis (outer layer) โ Skeletal system. Answer: framework for muscular system, supports body organs
