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BIOD 210 MODULE 4 VIEW AHEAD 2026
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY SET
โ Somatic Cells. Answer: Any of the cells in an organism that are not reproductive cells. i.e.: "Body Cells." โ Germline Cells. Answer: A population of cells in an organism dedicated to producing gametes via meiosis. โ Meiosis. Answer: A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half theploidy of the original cell. โ Syngamy. Answer: Fusion of an egg and a sperm. โ Zygote. Answer: The cell that is created as a result of syngamy (the fusion of an egg and a sperm). โ Crossing Over. Answer: The event that occurs during prophase I, in which the homologous chromosomes exchange pieces to create new combinations of alleles.
โ Tetrad. Answer: The four chromatids from two homologous chromosomes paired up during prophase I for crossing over. โ Haploid. Answer: Having only one set of chromosomes, or 1 copy of each gene. โ Diploid. Answer: Having two sets of chromosomes, or two copies of each gene. โ Tetraploid. Answer: Having four sets of chromosomes, or four copies of each gene. โ Gamic Life Cycle. Answer: The life cycle of organisms that produce gametes by meiosis, and those gametesfuse to form a zygote, which develops into the next generation of the organism. โ Gamete. Answer: A cell for sexual reproduction. ex: Sperm cells or Egg cells โ Allele. Answer: A version of a gene. โ Genotype. Answer: The genetic information of an organism.
โ Monohybrid Cross. Answer: Crossing two individuals, for one trait of interest, encoded by one locus/ gene. โ Dihybrid Cross. Answer: Crossing two individuals, for two traits of interest, each encoded by separate non-linked locus/ genes. โ Incomplete Dominance. Answer: The relationship between alleles in which a heterozygous individual displays and intermediate phenotype between the phenotypes of the two homozygous individuals. โ Codominance. Answer: When two alleles are expressed simultaneously. โ Polygenic Inheritance. Answer: When more than one locus contributes to one trait. i.e. When multiple genes contribute to one trait. โ Pleiotrophy. Answer: When many traits are controlled by a single locus/gene. โ Sex-linked Genes. Answer: When the gene of interest is found on the sex chromosome (X or Y).
โ Multifactorial Inheritance. Answer: When the ultimate phenotypic results of a gene is influenced by the organism's environment. i.e. "Nurture vs. Nature" โ Norm of Reaction. Answer: The range of phenotypic outputs from a gene that is subject to multifactorial inheritance. โ Mutation. Answer: A change in the DNA sequence. โ Evolution. Answer: Genetic change in a population over time. โ Acclimation. Answer: Physiological change in an individual in response to the environment. โ Adaptation. Answer: A structure or trait that increases evolutionary fitness in an individual. โ Selective Pressure. Answer: Conditions in an organisms environment that affect its ability to survive and reproduce. Ex: Resource availability, climate, predators, etc.
โ Diversifying Selection. Answer: The mode of natural selection in which those individuals with extreme phenotypes reproduce more than those with average phenotypes; also known as disruptive selection. โ Genetic Drift. Answer: Evolution due to a random chance. Ex: Founder effect, bottleneck effect โ Founder Effect. Answer: The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors. โ Bottleneck Effect. Answer: A sharp reduction in population size due to environmental events (earthquake, flood, disease, etc.) resulting in reduced genetic diversity within the surviving population. โ Gene Flow. Answer: Movement of genes between populations by an individual's emigration or immigration. โ Sexual Selection. Answer: Selecting for traits that maximize mating. i.e. "Evolution of the sexiest."
โ Species. Answer: A group of organisms who are able to produce fertile offspring together. โ Clade. Answer: All the species that share a common ancestor. โ Phylogenetic Tree. Answer: A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between various species. โ Prezygotic Barriers. Answer: Conditions that occur before the formation of the zygote that promote genetic isolation of populations of a species. Ex: Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation. โ Habitat Isolation. Answer: Two species rarely encounter each other, or not at all, because they occupied different habitats, even though they are not isolated by physical barriers. โ Temporal Isolation. Answer: Species that breed at different times of day, different seasons, or different years and cannot mix their gametes.
produce offspring that are inviable or sterile in subsequent generations. โ Fossil Record. Answer: Chronological collection of fossils (life's remains), in sedimentary rock layers, spanning the history of life on earth. โ Biogeography. Answer: The study of organism's geographical distribution, both presently and throughout the history of life on earth. โ Comparative Anatomy. Answer: The study of anatomical structures and their evolutionary relatedness between species. โ Homology. Answer: Sharing a common ancestor. โ Convergent Evolution. Answer: The process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar phenotypes or adaptations, because they are under similar selective pressure. โ Analogous Structures. Answer: Anatomical structures from different species, which appear similar as a result of convergent evolution.
โ Divergent Evolution. Answer: The process by which related organisms or those of the same species evolve differently in response to different selective pressures. โ Ribozyme. Answer: An RNA molecule that processes catalytic functions like an enzyme. โ 4.6 Billion Years Ago. Answer: The age of the Earth. โ 3.8 Billion Years Ago. Answer: Approximate date of when life arose on earth. โ 2.8 Billion Years Ago. Answer: Approximate date of the evolution of photosynthesis. โ 1.2 Billion Years Ago. Answer: Approximate date of the evolution of eukaryotic cells. โ 1 Billion Years Ago. Answer: Approximate date of the evolution of multicellular organisms. โ 500 Million Years Ago. Answer: Approximate date of the movement of multicellular organisms to terrestrial environments.
