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Biogeography - Evolution - Lecture Slides, Slides of Theory of Evolution

Biogeography, Distribution of Monophyletic, Ratite Birds, Movement of Continents, Geographic Distribution, Wide Distribution, Taxonomic Rank, Range Expansion, Fresh-Water Fish are the key important points of lecture slides of Evolution.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 01/02/2013

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Lecture 16: Biogeography
Geographic dist’n of organisms (Wallace, Darwin)
Historical Ecological
Explanation complementary Explanation
- past - current
- large scale - small scale
Want to find distribution of monophyletic groups
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Download Biogeography - Evolution - Lecture Slides and more Slides Theory of Evolution in PDF only on Docsity!

Lecture 16: Biogeography

Geographic dist’n of organisms (Wallace, Darwin) Historical Ecological Explanation complementary Explanation

  • past - current
  • large scale - small scale

Want to find distribution of monophyletic groups

Ratite Birds – Monophyletic

  • Once thought convergent
  • But, movement of continents

cassowary kiwi tinamou

Aust. / N. Guinea N. Z. Neotropical

ostrich rhea emu Africa S. America Aust.

Range Expansion

  1. Dispersal A) Active : locomotion B) Passive:
    • edible fruit with resistant seeds
    • resistant eggs on feet of water birds.
    • parasitic stages in the life cycle.
    • wind, water currents
    • e.g. cockleburs

Mobility

All organisms are mobile at some stage

  • Ferns & Fungi:

fine spores: wide distribution

  • Fresh-water Fish:

motile: restricted in distribution need geologic changes for dispersal

  • Marine Fish :

planktonic eggs & larvae widely dispersed by ocean currents.

Barriers to Dispersal

  1. unsuitable habitat
    1. strong competitor
      1. severe predation

Probability of accidental dispersal :

mobility & type of border

maple seed

fern spore

Ways to Expand Range other

than Dispersal:

  1. Adaptive Radiation :

adaptation to formerly unsuitable habitat

e.g. progressive drought resistance:

eventual dispersal across desert

  1. Geological & Climatological Changes: elimination of dispersal barrier

Vicariance: Pleistocene glaciations

  • 2 million - 10,000 years ago

Cold adapted Cold adapted

Warm adapted Warm adapted

Refugia

Time

Continuity of Distribution

  • Vicariance : disjunct
  • Dispersal : disjunct or continuous

Disjuct Distributions:

  • Tapir : Malaysia, neotropics
  • Cacti : N & S. America, Madagascar
  • Alligators: Asia, North America

Geographical History

  • Patterns in biogeography often demonstrate history
  • e.g. Biogeographical realms reflect breakup of supercontinent
  • Wallace’s line

New Zealand

  • Narrow endemism

New Zealand & New Caledonia from Australia. ~ 80 million years ago.

Australia from Antarctica:

~ 50 million years ago.

Antarctica from South America:

~ 60 million years ago

Distributions

Elephantidae:

  • Origin: Africa (Pliocene 5mya)
  • Dispersed: N. Amer. (Bering land bridge)

mammoths: extinct

Camels:

  • Origin: N. Amer. (Eocene)
  • Dispersed: Eurasia (Bering)

: S. Amer. (Isthmus)

  • Extinct in all but S. Amer., N. Africa, Asia