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BIOL 133 Exam 1 - Chapters 1 - 6 Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)../, Exams of Biology

Abilene Christian University (ACU)Biology

BIOL 133 Exam 1 - Chapters 1 - 6 Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)../

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 10/03/2024

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BIOL 133 Exam 1 - Chapters 1 - 6 Questions and Answers
(Verified Answers)../
gene - ✅✅segment of DNA that codes for production of a protein
allele - ✅✅a variant of a gene
DNA - ✅✅ATCG + double stranded
RNA - ✅✅AUCG + single stranded
chromosomes - ✅✅- long strand of DNA + proteins
- each has many genes
- humans have 46 chromosomes in all cells EXCEPT sex cells (23)
--> 23 from mom + 23 from dad
genome - ✅✅all genes in the cells of a particular species
genotype - ✅✅alleles an organism contains (ex: BB, Bb, bb)
phenotype - ✅✅the physical expression of the genotype (ex: BB= brown)
karyotype - ✅✅chart that displays chromosomes in size order
- able to determine sex + normalcy
mendelian trait - ✅✅one gene causes a specific phenotype (single-gene trait)
multifactorial traits - ✅✅trait caused by more than one gene + the environment
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Download BIOL 133 Exam 1 - Chapters 1 - 6 Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)../ and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

BIOL 133 Exam 1 - Chapters 1 - 6 Questions and Answers

(Verified Answers)../

gene - ✅✅segment of DNA that codes for production of a protein allele - ✅✅a variant of a gene DNA - ✅✅ATCG + double stranded RNA - ✅✅AUCG + single stranded chromosomes - ✅✅- long strand of DNA + proteins

  • each has many genes
  • humans have 46 chromosomes in all cells EXCEPT sex cells (23) --> 23 from mom + 23 from dad genome - ✅✅all genes in the cells of a particular species genotype - ✅✅alleles an organism contains (ex: BB, Bb, bb) phenotype - ✅✅the physical expression of the genotype (ex: BB= brown) karyotype - ✅✅chart that displays chromosomes in size order
  • able to determine sex + normalcy mendelian trait - ✅✅one gene causes a specific phenotype (single-gene trait) multifactorial traits - ✅✅trait caused by more than one gene + the environment

genetic testing - ✅✅analysis of human DNA, RNA, proteins, chromosomes, or metabolites macromolecules - ✅✅1. proteins

  1. lipids
  2. carbohydrates
  3. nucleic acid proteins - ✅✅- contain enzymes that speed up reactions
  • provide structural support
  • control gene expression
  • prions = rogue proteins carbohydrates - ✅✅- provide energy for cell metabolism
  • provide structural support
  • provide cell identity (important in immune response) lipids - ✅✅- provide energy (dietary fats)
  • main component of cell membranes
  • many are hormones (chemical messengers) nucleic acid - ✅✅- genetic material (DNA+RNA)
  • energy source nucleus - ✅✅contains genetic material rough ER - ✅✅site of protein synthesis for export out of cell smooth ER - ✅✅detoxify toxins

anaphase - ✅✅centromeres divide + sister chromatids move to opposite sides of cell telophase - ✅✅chromosomes de-condense + cells split apoptosis - ✅✅- programmed cell death

  • "death receptor" receives signal for cell to die + enzymes begin degrading cell stem cells - ✅✅"totipotent" cells --> cells that can differentiate into any cell type meiosis I - ✅✅(reduction division)
  • reduces ploidy level + separates homologous chromosomes [one (2n) --> two (1n)] --> Prophase I (crossing over may occur) --> Metaphase I (independent assortment) --> Anaphase I --> Telophase I autosomal chromosomes - ✅✅chromosomes that are NOT sex chromosomes homologous chromosomes - ✅✅Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure meiosis II - ✅✅(equational division)
  • sister chromatids separate [two (1n) --> four (1n)] --> Prophase II --> Metaphase II --> Anaphase II --> Telophase II spermatogenesis - ✅✅1. spermatogonium (2n) --> mitosis = primary spermatocyte (2n)
  1. primary spermatocyte (2n) --> meiosis I = secondary spermatocyte (1n)
  2. secondary spermatocyte (1n) --> meiosis II = spermatid (1n) oogensis - ✅✅1. oogonium (2n) --> mitosis = primary oocyte (2n)
  3. primary oocyte (2n) --> meiosis I = secondary oocyte + polar body (1n)
  4. secondary oocyte (1n) --> meiosis II = ovum + polar body (1n) prenatal development - ✅✅1. fertilization (zygote)
  5. cleavage = zygote divides by mitosis --> blastomeres --> morula --> blastocyst
  6. implantation
  7. blastocyst --> gastrula = cell fates determined + has 3 layers ectoderm - ✅✅skin + nervous tissue mesoderm - ✅✅muscle, connective tissue, reproductive organs endoderm - ✅✅lining of organs (liver + pancreas) hCG - ✅✅human chorionic gonadotropin --> prevents menstruation dizygotic - ✅✅fraternal twins
  • 2 sperm fertilizes 2 eggs
  • 50% genetically similar

epistasis - ✅✅one gene affects the phenotypic expression of another phenotypic gene penetrance - ✅✅frequency of expression of an allele when it is present in the genotype of the organism complete penetrance - ✅✅any individual who inherits the allele combination AND expresses the phenotype incomplete penetrance - ✅✅those who do NOT express the phenotype expressivity - ✅✅variation in allele expression when allele is penetrant pleiotropy - ✅✅when one gene affects the outcome of multiple phenotypes genetic heterogeneity - ✅✅mutations in different genes that cause the same phenotype Mitochrondrial genes - ✅✅- maternally inherited

  • mDNA does NOT cross over
  • mDNA mutates faster
  • each mitochondria carries many copies of each gene + many alleles sex-linked gene - ✅✅genes found on the same chromosome (will not assort independently) XY - ✅✅male (heterogametic) XX - ✅✅female (homogametic) SRY gene - ✅✅- testes specific-transcription factor plays a role in sexual development in males
  • if SRY gene is missing or nonfunctional --> female development (ex: XXY = male, XY = female w/ SRY turned off) sex-linked traits - ✅✅genes found on sex chromosomes (most are x-linked) x-linked recessive traits - ✅✅- always expressed in males
  • expressed in females only when homozygous
  • mothers --> pass to sons + daughters
  • fathers --> only pass to daughters x-linked dominant traits - ✅✅- rare
  • more severe in males
  • females only need one copy to express phenotype x-inactivation - ✅✅- occurs in female mammals
  • one X chromosome condenses + becomes inactive (condensed chromosome = Barr body)
  • occurs in early development
  • XIST gene codes for RNA that binds to X chromosome + inactivates it
  • females can be "mosaics" = some cells express maternal X + other cells express paternal X sex-limited traits - ✅✅affects a structure or function of the body that is present in only males or females (ex: ovary dev + sperm dev) sex-influenced traits - ✅✅an allele is dominant in one sex + recessive in the other (ex: baldness) genomic imprinting - ✅✅difference in expression of a gene depending on whether it was inherited from mother or father