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3.4 ORGANISMS AND SUBSTANCE EXCHANGE – MASS TRANSPORT IN
ANIMALS (1) – QUESTIONS
Q1. The graph shows the volume changes in the left ventricle of a human heart during two cardiac
cycles. The numbers 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 represent times when heart valves open or close.
(a) Use information from the graph to complete the table in part (a). Place the number 1 , 2 , 3 or 4 in the appropriate box.
Valve opens Valve closes
Semi-lunar valve
Atrioventricular valve
(2)
(b) Use the diagram above to calculate the volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle.
Answer = ____________________ cm^3 min−^1 (2)
(c) Explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid.
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(2)
(d) Lymphoedema is a swelling in the legs which may be caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system.
Suggest how a blockage in the lymphatic system could cause lymphoedema.
(1) (Total 7 marks)
Q2. It is possible to test for signs of heart disease using an exercise test. This involves the patient doing
a controlled period of exercise whilst their heart rate is monitored.
Scientists measured the heart rates of 700 healthy adult males aged between 25 and 54 before, during and after an exercise test. The test involved running on a treadmill at different speeds. Their results are shown in the graph below in the form in which they were presented.
The data in the graph above can be used as a reference for doctors when assessing a patient for heart disease.
(a) The data in the graph above do not provide helpful information for all groups of patients. Give two groups of patients to which these data could not be applied.
1 _________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
(a) Suggest two variables the scientists would have controlled during the exercise test.
1 _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Calculate the ratio of the range of heart rates at exercise level 3 and exercise level 1.
Answer = ____________________________________ : 1 (2) (Total 4 marks)
Q5. The figure below represents a capillary surrounded by tissue fluid.
The values of the hydrostatic pressure are shown.
Arteriole end direction of blood flow
Venule end
Hydrostatic pressure = 4.3 kPa Hydrostatic pressure = 1.6 kPa
Tissue fluid Hydrostatic pressure = 1.1 kPa
(a) Use the information in the figure above to explain how tissue fluid is formed.
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(2)
(b) The hydrostatic pressure falls from the arteriole end of the capillary to the venule end of the capillary. Explain why.
(1)
(c) High blood pressure leads to an accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain how.
(Extra space) _______________________________________________________
(3)
(d) The water potential of the blood plasma is more negative at the venule end of the capillary than at the arteriole end of the capillary. Explain why.
(Extra space) _______________________________________________________
(3) (Total 9 marks)
(1)
(c) The first molecule of oxygen to bind causes a change in the shape of the haemoglobin molecule.
This change of shape makes it easier for other oxygen molecules to bind to the haemoglobin molecule.
Explain how the graph provides evidence for this.
(2)
(d) Suggest one advantage of this change in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
(1)
(e) Tests on the man whose blood was used to construct the graph gave the following data.
- Concentration of haemoglobin in blood = 150 g dm−^3.
- Volume of oxygen carried by fully saturated haemoglobin = 1.35 cm^3 g−^1.
- Resting heart rate = 60 beats minute−^1.
- Volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle each beat = 60 cm 3.
Use these data and information from the graph to calculate the volume of oxygen released to the man’s tissues per minute whilst he was at rest.
Show your working.
Answer =______________cm 3 minute−^1 (3) (Total 8 marks)
Q7. A student investigated the effect of body position on pulse rate.
The table below shows her processed results.
Body position
Pulse rate / beats per minute
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Mean
Sitting 80 76 76 77
Standing 84 88 92 88
Lying down 68 72 68 69
The way the student recorded her pulse produced pulse rates per minute with even numbers. Other than by chance, suggest why.
(Total 1 mark)
Q8. The graph shows the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curves for fetal haemoglobin (HbF) and adult
haemoglobin (HbA).
(a) Explain how changes in the shape of haemoglobin result in the S-shaped (sigmoid) oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve for HbA.
(2)
(b) At birth 98% of the haemoglobin is HbF. By the age of 6 months, the HbF has usually completely disappeared from the baby’s blood and been replaced by HbA.
Q9. In mammals, the mesenteric artery connects the aorta to blood vessels of the small intestine.
Sport scientists recorded increases in blood flow in the mesenteric artery after different types of meal. The types of meal were:
- carbohydrate only
- fat only
- protein only.
Typical results are shown in the table.
Type of meal
Maximum percentage increase in blood flow in mesenteric artery
Time taken to reach maximum increase in blood flow in mesenteric artery / minutes
Carbohydrate only
Fat only 60 30
Protein only 57 45
(a) The sport scientists concluded that the three types of meal had no major effect on maximum percentage increase in blood flow in the mesenteric artery.
What else can be concluded from their results?
___________________________________________________________________ (2)
In another investigation, the sport scientists recorded blood flow in the mesenteric artery before and after vigorous exercise.
The graph shows their results for a large group of volunteers.
(b) Suggest the advantage of the change in blood flow in the mesenteric artery during exercise.
(3)
(c) The sport scientists concluded people should not do vigorous exercise after a meal. Does the information from the table and the graph support this conclusion?
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(1)
(b) Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean resting heart rate of females after the exercise programme. Show your working.
Answer = ____________________ % (2)
(c) The scientists used the percentage change in the mean resting heart rate after the exercise programme to compare the results for males and females.
Explain why they used percentage change in the resting heart rate.
(2)
(d) The scientists calculated the cardiac output of the volunteers before and after the exercise programme. In some volunteers, their cardiac output stayed the same, even though their resting heart rate decreased.
Explain how their cardiac output could stay the same even when their resting heart rate had decreased.
(2) (Total 7 marks)
Q12. (a) What is the function of the coronary arteries?
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(2)
(b) Figure 1 shows some of the large blood vessels in a mammal.
Figure 1
(i) Which of the blood vessels A to H is the vena cava?
(1)
(ii) Which of the blood vessels A to H is the renal artery?
(1)
(c) Figure 2 shows how the blood pressure changes as blood travels from the aorta to the capillaries.
Figure 2
Answer = ____________________ (1)
(c) Describe the role of haemoglobin in supplying oxygen to the tissues of the body.
(2)
Anaemia is a condition in which there is a decrease in the concentration of haemoglobin in blood. In some people with anaemia, substances are produced which change the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin.
The graph shows the effect of these substances on the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin.
(d) (i) Use information in the graph to find the difference in the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen between a healthy person and a person with anaemia at a partial pressure of oxygen of 4 kPa.
Answer = ____________________ (1)
(ii) Explain the advantage to a person with anaemia of the change shown in the oxygen dissociation curve.
(3) (Total 8 marks)
Q14. (a) Explain four ways in which the structure of the aorta is related to its function.
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___________________________________________________________________ (4)
Figure 1 shows the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curves for two different species, A and B.
Figure 1
For species B , the mean volume of blood leaving the left ventricle during each contraction is 0.03 cm^3.
Calculate the mean volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute.
Volume of blood = ___________________________ cm 3 minute−^1 (2) (Total 10 marks)
Q15. The diagram shows a section through the heart. The main blood vessels are labelled A , B , C and
D.
(a) Write a letter, A , B , C or D , in the box to represent the correct blood vessel.
(i) Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
(1)
(i) Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood to the heart?
(1)
(b) Explain how the highest blood pressure is produced in the left ventricle.
___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(c) Some babies are born with a hole between the right and the left ventricles.
These babies are unable to get enough oxygen to their tissues. Suggest why.
___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 5 marks)
Q16. The figure below shows recordings made from the heart of a dog.
Time / seconds
Time / seconds
