Biomass
1
Sonal K Thengane, IIT Roorkee, IAH-302
•Biomass and bioenergy –Introduction
•Thermochemical processes:
•Pyrolysis
•Gasification
•Biochemical processes:
•Fermentation
•Biomethanation
•Applications and Case Studies
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Usage of biomass and applications of biomass and calculations related to it.
Typology: Summaries
2019/2020
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Biomass
Sonal K Thengane, IIT Roorkee, IAH- 302 1
- Biomass and bioenergy – Introduction
- Thermochemical processes:
- Pyrolysis
- Gasification
- Biochemical processes:
- Fermentation
- Biomethanation
- Applications and Case Studies
Biomass and bioenergy – Introduction
Neutral Emissions Negative Emissions
Biomass: carbon neutral renewable energy source
Total solar energy that the earth stores in plants through photosynthesis : 2200 EJ/year
Global energy demand: 500 EJ/year
- Out of 2200 EJ, 300 EJ/year is currently being exploited by human, of which approximately 230 EJ/year is
used for food, animal feed, fiber, and energy and the 70 EJ/year is lost during harvest or burnt in
anthropogenic field fires ( Ref: Pour, 2019 )
- Any projection of bioenergy potential higher than 250 EJ/year (40-50% of global primary energy demand)
exceeds the biophysical limits
- Natural upper limit of harvestable bioenergy is further constrained by technical, economic, environmental,
and social complications
(exa = 10 18 )
Biomass sources
- Forestry crops and residues- firewood, wood pellets, and wood chips
- Agricultural crops and residues— corn, soybeans, sugar cane, switchgrass, woody plants, and algae, and crop and food processing residues, energy crops
- Biogenic materials in municipal solid waste— paper, cotton, and wool products, and food, yard, and wood wastes, leaf litter
- Animal residues, manure, and human sewage, dead animals
- Industrial and mill residues- wastes from food, dairy, textiles, and sugar industry; lumber and furniture mill sawdust and waste, black liquor from pulp and paper mills
Ref: The National Energy Education Project Molecular mass (g/mole): H 2 O = 18; CO 2 = 12x1 + 16x2 = 44 Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) = (12x6 + 1x12 + 16x6 = 180) 10
Biomass composition Cellulose: (C 6 H 10 O 5 )n, n ranges from 500 - 10000 Hemicellulose: (C 5 H 8 O 4 )m ; m ranges from 50- 200 Lignin: heterogeneous and varies from species to species; approx. formula for aspen wood: (C 31 H 34 O 11 )n
Biomass analyses TGA- Thermogravimetry XRD- X-ray diffraction FTIR-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy NDF- neutral detergent fibre ADF- acid detergent fibre ADL- acid detergent lignin Calorific value: Calorimeter 13
Proximate analysis of a fuel provides the percentage of the material that burns in a gaseous state (volatile matter), in the solid state (fixed carbon), and the percentage of inorganic waste material (ash). Biomass is heated under various conditions for variable amounts of time to determine moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash yield. Ultimate analysis determines the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur in the material, as found in the gaseous products of its complete combustion, the determination of ash in the material as a whole, and the estimation of oxygen by difference.
Van Krevelen Plot
Van Krevelen diagrams characterize source rock organic matter or coal or biomass on a plot of atomic O/C versus atomic H/C from elemental analysis
Overview of biomass conversion processes
- Combustion : the material is in an oxygen-rich atmosphere, at a very high operating temperature, with
heat as the targeted output.
- Gasification takes place in an oxygen-lean atmosphere, with a high operating temperature, and gaseous
products being the main target (syngas production in most cases).
- Hydrothermal liquefaction occurs in a non-oxidative atmosphere, where biomass is fed into a unit as an
aqueous slurry at lower temperatures, and bio-crude in liquid form is the product.
- Pyrolysis is conducted usually at 400- 600 °C in the absence of oxygen, and produces gases, bio-oil,