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Biomedical Engineering Final Exam
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- Involves design, manufacturing, inspection and maintenance of machinery, equipment and components as well as control systems and instruments for monitoring their status and performance. This includes vehicles, contractions and farm machinery, industrial
installations and a wide variety of tools and devices - ANSWER
Mechanical Engineering
- the practice of designing equipment, systems and processes for refining raw materials and for mixing, compounding and processing
chemicals to make valuable products - ANSWER Chemical
Engineering
- Involves design, testing, manufacturing, construction, control, monitoring and inspection of electrical and electronic devices, machinery and systems. These systems vary in scale from microscopic circuits to national power generation and transmission
systems. - ANSWER Electrical Engineering
- the practice of designing systems, equipment and devices for use in the practice of medicine. It also involves working closely with medical practitioners, including doctors, nurses, technicians, therapists and researchers, in order to determine, understand and meet their requirements for systems, equipment and devices. -
ANSWER Biomedical Engineering
5. When did Biomedical Engineering get started? - ANSWER 1960s
- what two terms are fairly interchangeable between academic
departments? - ANSWER Biomedical engineering and
bioengineering
- What are the sub-disciplines that use chemical engineering? -
ANSWER Biological engineering, Biomolecular engineering,
bioprocess engineering, biochemical engineering
8. What are the sub-disciplines in agricultural engineering? - ANSWER
Biological engineering
- What the name of the discipline associated wit the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms to produce antibiotics,
hormones, etc. - ANSWER Biotechnology
- What are the two primary areas of the multidisciplinary nature
of biomedical engineering? - ANSWER careful analysis and study of
the operation of body systems, development of new technologies for study or repair of the body
- Example: multidisciplinary nature of biomedical engineering -
Development of soft contact lenses - ANSWER Requires working
knowledge of physics (refraction and mechanics), anatomy, physiology (tear production and circulation), materials science, immunology (body's response to foreign materials), and math (evaluation of oxygen diffusion).
12. Subjects important to biomedical engineering? - ANSWER
Basic science : Physics and chemistry, quantitative systems physiology, mathematical analyses, domain specific knowledge (i.e. electrical circuits, mechanics, chemical processes, etc.)
- Math models to help engineers understand and predict system behavior (i.e.pharmacokinetic models, use of math models of hip mechanics to predict stresses and strains the artificial hip must endure). Mathematical models of blood flow in small vessels guides the development of tissue-engineered blood vessels and stents. Engineers are now making models of the networks of chemical
reactions that occur within cells. - ANSWER physiological modeling
biotechnology and genomic analysis. - ANSWER Bio-molecular
engineering
- Systems-level analyses to chemical reactions, proteins and cells to understand and predict biological outcomes. Also involves development of efficient computer methods for examining biological databases to find and sort new biological information. Development of new tools to measuring the state of function of individual cells (proteomics, array technologies, design of BioMEMs devices that
interface with living cells). - ANSWER Systems biology
- Combining synthetic materials (polymers, metals, ceramics etc.) with biological components to produce devices that function like tissues and organs. Key example: kidney dialysis machine (Dutch physician Kolff used cellophane to remove urea from the blood of diabetics). Addition of living cells to dialysis machines can make it artificial liver or pancreas. Design of artificial hearts and heart components such as valves, and also design of machines that
keep patients alive during cardiac surgery. - ANSWER Artificial
organs
- While infectious diseases are still the second leading cause of death in the world and the most important cause of premature death in many developing countries, what are biomedical engineers
working on to help this issue? - ANSWER BMEs need to make
vaccines more effective, less expensive, easier to administer and easier to transport (viruses such as COVID-19, HIV, HCV, SARS and West Nile).
- What are some future contributions of Biomedical
engineering? - ANSWER Vaccines, robotic surgery, long-term
artificial hearts, genetic scans for disease prediction (i.e. gene chips), brain-machine interface, spinal cord regeneration, "designer" organs grown from single cells, imaging of moving parts (joints, heart etc.), artificial pancreas, control of angiogenesis (development of new blood vessels) for cancer treatment.
- defined as any "internal or external device(s) that replace lost parts or functions of the neuroskeletomotor system" and may be
either orthopedic or externally controlled - ANSWER prosthetics
- What is one of the oldest innovations of biomedical
engineering? - ANSWER prosthetics
- externally controlled prosthetic devices may be controlled by
what? - ANSWER the body itself through myoelectricity or a
separate power supply
- What field represents the newest field in prosthetics and one of the fastest developing topics in biomedical engineering today? -
ANSWER neural prosthetics
- consists of the manufacture of biological tissue either ex vivo or in vitro (outside the body), or the incorporation of new advancements to aid in the repair and growth of existing tissues in
vivo (inside the body). - ANSWER tissue engineering
- tissues composed of both synthetic and natural materials -
ANSWER bioartificial tissues
- in what kind of applications are bioartificial tissues (those composed of both synthetic and natural materials) are used as an alternative to organ transplant or developed to study tissue
behavior in vitro? - ANSWER ex vivo applications
- what are some important issues within the field of tissue
engineering? - ANSWER cell isolation, control of cell organization
and function, upscaling to full bioartificial tissues, and biomaterial fabrication
- an example of a biomedical instrumentation device that can
help patients better manage their diabetes. - ANSWER
glucometer / glucose meter
- ses electrical energy to restore the heart to its normal beating
rhythm - ANSWER defibrillator
- What are two examples of diagnostic tests that BME has
helped bring into the average household? - ANSWER pregnancy
tests, thermometers
- Name three biomedical engineering professional societies -
ANSWER The Biomedical Engineering Society, IEEE Engineering in
Medicine and Biology Society, and The American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
- materials (synthetic and natural; solid and sometimes liquid) that are used in medical devices or in contact with biological
systems. - ANSWER biomaterials
43. what ideas are used in biomaterials? - ANSWER ideas from
medicine, biology, chemistry, materials science and engineering
- Although biomaterials are primarily used for medical
applications, they are also used in what other regards? - ANSWER
they are also used to grow cells in culture, to assay for blood proteins in the clinical laboratory, in processing biomolecules in biotechnology, for fertility regulation implants in cattle, in diagnostic gene arrays, in the aquaculture of oysters and for investigational cell-silicon "biochips."
- Biomaterials are rarely used on their own, but are used more
commonly integrated into what? - ANSWER devices or implants
46. What materials are used in an intraocular lens? - ANSWER
silicone, acrylic, or other plastic
47. what materials are used in dental implants? - ANSWER
titanium alloys, ceramics
48. what materials are used in finger joints? - ANSWER silicone
49. what materials are used in hip implants? - ANSWER titanium
alloys
50. what materials are used in vascular grafts? - ANSWER teflon
51. what materials are used for bone cement? - ANSWER
polymers and ceramics
52. Scientific definition of biomaterials - ANSWER A biomaterial
is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological system. (Williams, 1987).
- What is the most important complementary definition needed
to understand important aspects of biomaterials? - ANSWER
Biocompatibility
- the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host
response in a specific application (Williams, 1987). - ANSWER
biocompatibility (definition)
- what are some examples of "appropriate host responses" in regards to biocompatibility as it pertains to biomaterials? -
ANSWER lack of blood clotting, resistance to bacterial colonization,
normal healing, etc.
- biomaterials in medical devices (synthetic) : ceramics and
polymers - ANSWER ear implants
66. Metals as biomaterials : stainless steel - ANSWER joint
replacement, bone fracture fixation, heart valves, electrodes
- Metals as biomaterials : titanium and titanium alloys -
ANSWER joint replacements, dental bridges and dental implants,
coronary stents
68. Metals as biomaterials : cobalt-chrome alloys - ANSWER joint
replacement, bone fracture fixation
69. Metals as biomaterials : gold - ANSWER dental fillings and
crowns, electrodes
70. Metals as biomaterials : silver - ANSWER pacemaker wires,
suture materials, dental amalgams
71. Metals as biomaterials : platinum - ANSWER electrodes,
neural stimulation devices
72. Ceramics as biomaterials : aluminum oxides - ANSWER hip
implants, dental implants, cochlear replacement
73. Ceramics as biomaterials : zirconia - ANSWER hip implants
74. Ceramics as biomaterials : calcium phosphate - ANSWER
bone graft substitutes, surface coatings on total joint replacements, cell scaffolds
75. Ceramics as biomaterials : calcium sulfate - ANSWER bone
graft substitutes
76. Ceramics as biomaterials : carbon - ANSWER heart valve
coatings, orthopedic implants
77. Ceramics as biomaterials : glass - ANSWER bone graft
substitutes, fillers for dental materials
78. polymers as biomaterials : nylon - ANSWER surgical sutures,
gastrointestinal segments, tracheal tubes
79. polymers as biomaterials : silicone rubber - ANSWER finger
joints, artificial skin, great implants, intraocular lenses, catheters
80. polymers as biomaterials : polyester - ANSWER restorable
sutures, fracture fixation, cell scaffolds, skin wound coverings, drug delivery devices
81. polymers as biomaterials : polyethylene (PE) - ANSWER Hip
and knew implants, artificial tendons and ligaments, synthetic vascular grafts, dentures, and facial implants
- polymers as biomaterials : polymethylmethcrylate (PMMA) -
ANSWER bone cement, intraocular lenses
83. polymers as biomaterials : polyvinylchloride (PVC) - ANSWER
tubing, facial prosthesis
84. Natural materials : collagen and gelatin - ANSWER cosmetic
surgery, wound dressings, tissue engineering cell scaffold
85. Natural materials : cellulose - ANSWER drug delivery
characteristics set the characteristics of the tissue (i.e. bone compared to cartilage compared to brain). while instead of being passive, it is an extraordinarily complex scaffold composed of a variety of biologically active molecules that are highly regulated and critical for determining the action and fate of the cells that it
surrounds - ANSWER extracellular matrix (ECM)
95. what are the components of the ECM? - ANSWER integrin
(adhesion), soluble signal, proteoglycan, matrix proteins, receptor, ECM Degradation Enzymes
- What is the progression of the hierarchical design using
biomaterials? - ANSWER macrostructure, mesostructure,
microstructure, submicrostructure, nanostructure
- what do biomaterials usually make first contact with and why?
- ANSWER blood, implantation often creates a wound and bleeding usually ensues
98. what is blood mixture of? - ANSWER water, various kinds of
cells and ell fragments (platelets), salts, and proteins (plasma)
- What plays an important role in determining the biological
activity of the tissue-implant interface? - ANSWER proteins
- How do biomaterials promote cell/tissue attachment and
activity? - ANSWER by allowing selective protein absorption or can
inhibit tissue interactions by repelling protein
- what changes in the microenvironment that can occur after biomaterial implantation can alter the conformation of a nearby
protein and thus its function? - ANSWER pH and ionic strength
- What may happen to proteins as a result of interaction with
the solid surfaces of biomaterials? - ANSWER loss of some
biological activity
- What is the most common protein in blood? what is second to
this? - ANSWER albumin, immunoglobulins (immune system
proteins)
- What processes are albumin and immunoglobulins involved
in? - ANSWER the recognition and adhesion processes of cells
- What final layer of protein may be absorbed (although less abundant) that could potentially cause a greater affinity for the
biomaterial surface? - ANSWER fibrinogen
- In context of biomaterials, what is important to remember
about proteins? - ANSWER they guide cell attachment,
proliferation, and differentiation, so it is important to know which proteins are attached to the biomaterial after implantation
- Why might specific proteins that may have been deliberately and carefully placed on the biomaterial before implantation no
longer be available to the cells after blood contact? - ANSWER due
to the additional absorption of blood proteins
