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Bioremediation - Environmental Sciences - Lecture Slides, Slides of Environmental Science

Acharya Nagarjuna UniversityEnvironmental Science

Bioremediation, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, Million Gallons, Tourism Plummeted, Bioremediation, Biodegradation, Chemical Building Blocks, Destroyed or Created, Conservation of Matter, Atomic Number are some points in this lecture of Environmental Sciences.

Typology: Slides

2011/2012

Uploaded on 12/22/2012

anushka
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Bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
•In 1989, 11 million gallons
coated the Alaskan
coastline
–defiled the pristine
environment
–tourism plummeted and
jobs were lost
•Bioremediation =
–pollution cleanup through
enhanced natural
biodegradation
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Bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

  • In 1989, 11 million gallons

coated the Alaskan

coastline

  • defiled the pristine environment
  • tourism plummeted and jobs were lost
  • Bioremediation =
  • pollution cleanup through enhanced natural biodegradation

Chemical building blocks

  • Matter = all material in the universe that has

mass and occupies space

  • can be transformed from one type of substance into others
  • but it cannot be destroyed or created …
  • …the law of conservation of matter
    • the amount of matter stays constant
    • it is recycled in nutrient cycles and ecosystems

The structure of an atom

Chemical building blocks

  • Isotopes =
    • atoms with differing numbers of neutrons
    • mass number =
      • combined number of protons and neutrons
    • some isotopes are radioactive - emit high-energy radiation

Molecules & Compounds

  • Molecules = combinations of two or more atoms
    • oxygen gas = O 2
  • Compounds = A molecule composed of atoms of

two or more different elements

  • water = two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom: H 2 0
  • carbon dioxide = one carbon atom with two oxygen atoms: CO (^2)

Atoms are held together with bonds

  • Covalent bond = atoms in a molecule share

electrons

  • Non-polar covalent bonds = electrons shared

equally

  • Polar covalent bonds = Atoms share electrons

unequally, with one atom exerting a greater pull

  • Ionic bonds = an electron is transferred from one

atom to another

  • are not molecules, but are salts, such as table salt, NaCl

Additional properties of water

  • Less dense ice floats on liquid water
    • Water dissolves other molecules

Hydrogen ions determine acidity

  • The pH scale ranges from 0

to 14 and quantifies the

acidity of solutions

  • acidic solutions have a pH less than 7
  • basic solutions have a pH greater than 7
  • neutral solutions have a pH of 7

Macromolecules

  • Polymers = long chains of repeated molecules
    • the building blocks of life
  • Macromolecules = large-size molecules
    • 3 types of polymers are essential to life
      • proteins
      • nucleic acids
      • carbohydrates
    • Lipids (are not polymers, but very essential)

Proteins

  • Produce tissues, provide structural support,

store and others transport energy

  • animals use proteins to generate skin, hair, muscles, and tendons
  • some function as components of the immune system
  • can serve as enzymes

Carbohydrates and lipids

  • Carbohydrates = consist of atoms of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen

  • sugars = simple carbohydrates
    • glucose = provides energy for cells
  • complex carbohydrates build structures and store energy
    • starch = a complex carbohydrate
  • Lipids = a chemically diverse group of compounds

grouped together because they don’t dissolve in

water

  • for energy, cell membranes, structural support, and steroids

We create synthetic polymers

  • Plastics = synthetic (human-made) polymers
    • best known by their brand names ( Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar )
    • derived from petroleum hydrocarbons
    • resist chemical breakdown
    • problematic because they cause long-lasting waste and pollution - wildlife and health problems, water quality issues, harmful to marine animals
    • important to design less-polluting alternatives and increase recycling

Energy fundamentals

  • Energy = that which can change the position, physical composition or temperature of matter - Potential energy = energy of position - Kinetic energy = energy of motion - Chemical energy = potential energy held in the bonds between atoms
  • Potential energy is changed into kinetic energy to produce motion, action, and heat

Energy is conserved...but changes in quality

  • First law of thermodynamics = energy can change forms, but cannot be created or destroyed
  • Second law of thermodynamics = the nature of energy changes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state - Entropy = an increasing state of disorder