Download BIOS 1710 Exam 3: Climate, Biomes, & Evolution and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
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BIOS 1710 Exam 3 Questions with Answers
1. What is climate?: long-term weather in a particular area
2. What determines climate?: Solar radiation, global patterns of wind and ocean circulation, and
Earth's varying topography
3. What is solar radiation like at the equator?: solar energy strikes earth directly, resulting in a high
influx of energy per unit area
4. What is solar radiation like during equinox?: even distribution
5. What is solar radiation like during solstice?: uneven distribution
6. What is the cycle of wind?: air cools and sinks warm air
sequesters water warmed air moves to replace air gap hot air rises
7. where does wind come from?: when warm air moves upward and cool air moves in to replace it
8. What is the Coriolis effect?: points move faster at the equator than at the poles
9. What causes ocean currents?: wind tides
earth's rotation water
2 / density topography of the ocean's floor
10. How does water transport heat?: towards the poles and creates different climate patterns
along similar latitudes
11. What is topography?: the specific morphological characteristics of a surface
12. What are the four main biomes?: tropical rainforest desert
deciduous forest tundra
13. Describe the tropical rainforest: high precipitation medium/
high chance of evapotranspiration hot and humid
14. Where would be an example of a tropical rainforest?: central and South America
15. what is evapotranspiration?: the sum of all process by which water moves from the land to the
atmosphere via evaporation and transpiration
16. Describe the desert: low precipitation
high chance of evapotranspiration high temperature during the day, low
17. Where would be an example of a desert?: the Sahara
4 / antibiotic resistance
26. What are the three trophic levels?: producers consumers
decomposers
27. What are primary producers?: organisms that obtain energy through photo- synthesis
28. What are consumers?: organics that cannot produce its own food, so they get energy by eating
plants and animals
29. What are decomposers?: organisms that breaks down dead plants or animals, making nutrients
available to the ecosystem
30. What happens in the carbon cycle?: 1. Atmospheric CO2 is fixed by primary producers through
photosynthesis and is converted to glucose
- glucose moves through the food web by consumption and are then released as CO2 through cellular respiration
31. What happens in the nitrogen cycle?: 1. N2 comes from the atmosphere and is fixed by nitrogen-
fixing bacteria in the soil, which makes it available to plants
- N2 is either released back into the atmosphere or enters the food web and goes through consumption and decomposition
32. What happens in the phosphorous cycle?: 1. PO4 is released from rocks due to weathering
2. PO4 is fixed by primary producers who use it in their biomass, making it available to other
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3. decomposers eventually release PO4 back into the soil, making it accessible again
33. What is a dead zone?: a place where there is too little oxygen for life
34. What is a population?: a group of individuals that belong to the same species, live in the same
area, and can reproduce with one another
35. What is a species?: individuals with characteristics that can produce fertile offspring
36. What is evolution?: change in allele frequencies over time in a population
37. What is speciation?: populations become two species when they become reproductively
isolated and genetically distinct
38. What is adaptive evolution?: genetic change that occurred because some traits were
advantageous to survival of the population
39. What is non adaptive evolution?: genetic change that occurs due to random chance
40. What are examples of non adaptive evolution?: mutation
gene flow genetic drift
41. What were the ideas of Darwin and Wallace?: survival of the fittest
over time, populations contain individuals with certain traits that allowed their ances- tors to survive and
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48. What is a population bottleneck?: an event that drastically reduces the size of a population
49. What is genotype?: the genetic constitution of an individual, pairing of alleles at a single position
in the DNA
50. What is a phenotype?: physical characteristics or traits of an individual
51. What conditions do the populations need to be in for it be considered in HWE?: no differential
reproductive success among individuals no migration no mutation random mating large enough population size NOT EVOLVING
52. What is microevol: evolution over a few generations (typically at population level)
53. What is macroevolution?: accumulated effect of microevolution over long time periods (typically
species level or higher)
54. What drives microevolution?: natural selection
mutations gene flow genetic drift
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55. What drives macroevolution?: accumulation of microevolutionary changes
56. Why is it important to understand species definition?: it allows for a better understanding of
evolution and how new species have come into existence
57. What is the biological species concept?: species are groups of actually or potentially
interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups
58. What is the morphospecies concept?: members of the same species have similar external or
internal characteristics
59. What is the ecological species concept?: two species with similar niches cannot coexist in the
same location
60. What is the phylogenetic species concept?: members of the same species are descendants of a
single common ancestor
61. What is the speciation process?: 1. In one population, individuals can move freely and mate with
any other individual in the population
2. The population begins to differentiate- individuals can still move freely and mate
3. The populations become different species- each population has evolved and gene flow has stopped
due to some barrier
62. What are pre-zygotic barriers?: a barrier that prevents a zygote from forming
63. What are the types of pre-zygotic barriers?: geographical isolation mechanical
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74. What is sympatric speciation?: populations are in the same geographical area, but gene flow
has stopped between them
75. Which mechanisms of evolution lead to speciation?: Mutation
natural selection genetic drift
76. What are phylogenies?: a visual representation of the hypothesized relation- ships between taxa
77. What are nodes?: common ancestor at a diversification event
78. What do branches show?: single evolutionary lineage
79. What is a monophyletic group: a common ancestor and all of its descendants
80. What is a paraphyletic group?: common ancestor but not all descendants
81. What is a polyphyletic group?: do not share a direct common ancestor
82. What is synamorphy?: a trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived
through evolution from a common ancestor
83. What are homologous traits?: when organisms share a trait due to common ancestry
84. What are analogous traits?: similar characteristics occur because of environ- mental constraints
and not due to a close evolutionary relationship
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85. What is divergent evolution?: when a trait evolved in the common ancestral population, then
underwent mutations
86. What is convergent evolution?: when organisms not closely related develop similar features or
behaviors
87. What information can we gather from fossils?: approximate age
evolution timeline extinction record transitional traits record of past environmental events
