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BIOS 242- Chamberlain Exam 1 Test with Answers Graded A+
spikes) DNA is replicated in the nucleus RNA is replicated in the cytoplasm what is the first step in viral replication? penetration/adhesion (attaches to membrane using what is the second step in viral replication? uncoating what is the third step in viral replication? replication what is the fourth step in viral replication? assembly what is the fifth step in viral replication? maturation what is the sixth step in viral replication? release (release the protein that has the viral components so it infects more cells) what are the four types of archaea? methanogens, hyperthemophile, psychrophile, halophiles what are characteristics of a methanogen? CO2 with methane where are methanogens found? swamps, landfill what are characteristics of a hyperthermophile? loves high temperature where are hyperthermophiles found? volcano what are characteristics of a psychrophile? survives in cold temperatures where are psychrophiles found? ice caps what are characteristics of a halophile? survives in salt environments where are halophiles found? salt lake This type of archaea live in swamps and marshes and produce methane, what is it? methanogen This type of archaea requires hot, acidic environments hyperthemophile during a gram stain, the presence of gives a purple stain peptidolgycan
BIOS 242- Chamberlain Exam 1 Test with Answers Graded A+
why is gram negative bacteria pink? outer membrane is weakened porin proteins, lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid outer membrane surrounding a thin peptidoglycan layer. what do gram positive bacteria have lipoteichoic acid with thick peptidoglycan cell wall what are the four ditterent types of structures microorgan- isms can use for movement, adherence, or mating? fimbriae, pilus, flagella, and cilia what is fimbriae used for? adhesion what is pilus used for? mating/conjugation what is flagella used for? movement what is cilia used for? movement used for antibiotics, food products such as yeast and al- what are the benefits about fungi? cohol, and decomposition which puts nutrients back into environment what are the bad things about fungi? contamination what are the characteristics of fungi? dimorphic, eukaryotes, have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food do prokaryotes or eukaryotes lack organelles? prokaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a nucleus? eukaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes consist of animals, plants, fungi, and protists? do prokaryotes or eukaryotes consist of bacteria and ar- chaea? eukaryotes prokaryotes are prokaryotes or eukaryotes unicellular? prokaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have ribosomes? both are prokaryotes or eukaryotes multicellular? eukaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes use asexual reproduction? prokaryotes what do gram negative bacteria have
BIOS 242- Chamberlain Exam 1 Test with Answers Graded A+
envelope what are the two types viruses can be? naked and enveloped what is an enveloped virus? A virus that contain the nucleocapsid and a lipid based what are the four ditterent techniques of DNA recombina- tion/horizontal transfer? what type of mutation leads to a frameshift in your se- quence? conjugation, transformation, transduction, transposons insertion/deletion can a nonsense mutation lead to a frameshift? why? no, up until the stop codon it is the same can mycobacterium be stained using the gram stain pro- cedure? why? no, needs mycolic acid what are the four types of viruses? bacteriophage, viroids, prions, virions what is a bacteriophage? viruses that infects bacteria what is a viroid? virus that infect plants smaller than average virus what is a prion? misfolded protein in the brain what is a virion? entire virus particle consisting of an outer protein shell called a capsid and inner core of nucleic acid what is the type of virus that is outside in the environment? virion if a virus attached to a host cell and takes over and causes an infection and the host goes to the doctor to get meds, should the doctor prescribe meds against a viral infection? why? if the host decided to get treatment against the virus and got better after 7 - 10 days, but two weeks after they got sick again, what type of infection is it? no, antibiotics do not work against viruses. it will cause them to mutate and grow stronger chronic latent what is a chronic latent infection? periodic activation after a period of viral inactivity what is the chemical composition of prions? only composed of protein
what is the chemical composition of viroids? composed of only naked strands of RNA An OB doctor who realized hand washing was directly re- who was Ignaz Semmelweis? lated to prevention of childbed fever after doctors worked in autospy rooms and then went and worked in maternity rooms who found proper sterilization technqiues? Ignaz Semmelweis if you have a microorganism that moves in response to a chemical stimulus, what kind of movement is that? if you have a microorganism that moves in response to a light stimulus, what kind of movement is that? chemotaxis phototaxis Robert Koch laid the foundation for immunology what are the six branches of microbiology? medical, public health, immunology, industrial, agricultur- al, environmental what does medical microbiology deal with? microbes that cause diseases in humans and animals what does public health microbiology and epidemiology monitor/controls health and spread of diseases in com- deal with? munities what does immunology study? complex web of protective substances and cells in re- sponse to infection vaccines, blood testing, and allergies are all a part of which branch of microbiology? immunology what does industrial microbiology deal with? safeguards our food and water what does agricultural microbiology deal with? relationship between microbes and domesticated plants/animals what does environmental microbiology deal with? ettect of microbes on earths habitats lack membrane bound organelles and a nucleus genetic material is present in cytoplasm as nucleotides extracellular state of a virus is called a virion what is the composition of archaea?
cell wall is composed of mycolic acid
- Inoculation
- Incubation
- Isolation
- Inspection
- Identification central dogma of biology DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein is a physical property that gives a bacterium the ability to resist decolorization by acids during staining procedures acid fastness acid fast bacteria stain pink nonacid fast bacteria stain blue acid fast stain identifies microorganisms of the genus Mycobacteria acid fast stains contain myolic acid mycolic acid makes bacteria resistant to chemicals/dyes acid fast bacteria are gram positive gram positive bacteria contain 2 layers which are cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane gram negative bacteria consists of three layers which are outermembrane, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane gram bacteria contain lipoteichoic acid positive gram bacteria contain lopopolysaccharides and porin proteins negative what is the composition of mycobacterium gram positive, contain peptidolgycan but the bulk of the what are the steps of a gram stain? crystal violet, Gram's iodine, alcohol, safranin what is the function of cilia? feeding and filtering structures on some cells what are the two shapes of fungi? yeast and hyphae what is a saprobe?
the genetic defect the amino acids downstream fungi that derives its nourishment from nonliving or de- caying organic matter. true or false: fungi can do photosynthesis false true or false: all fungi are heterotrophic true what are the two main groups of organisms that are char- acterized as protists? algae and protozoa what is a protist? any eukaryotic unicellular that lacks true tissues viruses that only consist of a nucleocapsid are called naked viruses viruses that are composed of a nucleocapsid surrounded by a flexible membrane is called enveloped viruses what do the spikes on viruses allow them to do? allow them to attach to their host cells what is a point mutation? mutation that leads to a change in a single base pair what is an example of point mutation? addition, deletion, substitution what is a missense mutation? any change in the code that leads to the placement of a ditterent amino acid changes a normal codon into a stop codon that doesnt what is a nonsense mutation? code for an amino acid stops production of protein what is a silent mutation? alters a base but does not change the amino acid no ettect what is a frameshift mutation? one or more bases are inserted into or deleted, changing repair of a faulty gene in humans suttering from fatal or debilitating disease what is the benefit of gene therapy? permanent cure of the physical dysfunction by repairing what is gene therapy?
