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Biotechnology Exam 1
What is biotechnology - Answer -Using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem. Examples of first hand biotechnology - Answer -• Eaten GMO/GE produce
- Treated with monoclonal antibody
- Had a flu shot
- Required insulin Injection
- Taken a home pregnancy test
- Used an antibiotic
- Had a glass of wine
- Eaten cheese Selective breeding - Answer -Manipulating genes of domesticate plants and animals; improve crops and livestock Historic examples of biotechnology - Answer -Selective breeding Plant domestication (modern corn) Animal domestication Fermentation (Egyptian civilizations making alcoholic beverages)
Use of antibiotics (Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928) Modern examples of biotechnology - Answer -Gene cloning: Ability to identify and reproduce gene of interest Recombinant DNA technology: Technique enabling DNA to be combines from different sources (started modern biotech industry) Genetic engineering: Altering an organisms DNA (1973- Stanley Cohan and Herbert Boyer) Human genome project: International effort yo identify all human genes and their loci (1990-2003) What are some examples of biotechnology application - Answer -• Vaccines
- Diagnostics
- Disease-resistant plants
- Food crops that produce greater yields
- "Golden rice engineered to be more nutritious
- Genetically engineered bacteria to degrade pollutants
- Biotechnology medicines What are the 7 types of biotechnology - Answer -• Microbial
- Agricultural
- Animal
- Forensic
- Bioremediation
- Aquatic
- Medical
Used as model organisms ("knockout" gene experiments) Organismal cloning (Genetically engineered organs w/o tissue rejection) What are transgenic animals? Give an example - Answer -A way to achieve large scale production of therapeutic proteins from animals for use in humans. ex: human genes coding for anti-clotting proteins can be introduced into female goats for production of these proteins in their milk. (Antithrombin) What is gene knockout? - Answer -Disrupt a gene in the animal and then look at what functions are affected in the animal as a result of the loss of the gene; this allows researchers to determine the role and function of the gene (Since humans are similar to rats and mice, gene knockout studies in rats and mice can lead to better understanding of gene function in humans.) What is forensic biotechnology - Answer -Analysis and application of biological evidence such as DNA sequence data to detect an organism's unique DNA pattern. What are ways forensic biotechnology is used - Answer -Scientist utilize DNA fingerprinting to: o Solve crimes o Determine paternity o Identify human remains o Track and confirm organisms that spread disease o Determine identity of mystery meats
What is bioremediation biotechnology - Answer -Use of living organisms to process, degrade, and clean up naturally occurring or human-made pollutants in the environment What are ways bioremediation biotechnology is used - Answer -Scientists utilize living organisms to: o Break down oil o Degrade human waste (wastewater treatment) o Degrade hazardous materials o Bioaccumulate heavy metals What are some real world moments bioremediation was used - Answer -o 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska o 2010 Deep Water Horizon spill promoted research into natural oil-degrading organisms and enzymes What is aquatic biotechnology - Answer -Use of aquatic organisms such as finfish, shellfish, marine bacteria, and aquatic plants for biotechnology applications What are ways aquatic biotechnology is used - Answer -Scientist utilizer living aquatic organisms to: o Genetically engineer disease-resistant strains of oysters o Develop vaccines against viruses of salmon and other fin-fish o Genetically engineer salmon to overproduce growth hormones o Obtain rich and valuable sources of new genes (bioprospecting) What is Aquaculture? What percent of fish raised in aquaculture is consumed? - Answer -raising fin-fish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources (50% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide) What is an example of bioprospecting - Answer -Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules. What is medical biotechnology - Answer -Use of organisms to improve the entire spectrum of human
What did Frederick Griffith discover? - Answer -1928- did expirement where he injected mice with S strain (smooth virulent strain with capsule), heat killed S strain (No capsule- not virulent) and R strain (harmless rough strain- no capsule). Doing this he discovered transformation because during heat treatment the S cells lysed so DNA was released, R cells took up this DNA and became virulent What is transformation - Answer -process by which bacteria take in DNA from the surroundings (discovered by Griffith) What was definitive evidence that DNA is an inherited gene - Answer -pneumonia experiments done by Oswal Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Macly McCarty (1944) What is the structure of DNA - Answer -Nucleotide composed of deoxyribose, a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine), and a phosphate molecule What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose - Answer -• RNA has an OH group from 2' carbon; DNA the 2' carbon has a Hydrogen
- DNA has Thymines (T); RNA has Uracil (U). What are purines and what are pyrimidines - Answer -Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine (Uracil in RNA) What were Rosalin Franklin and Maurice Wilken's contribution to DNA structure - Answer -Provided x- ray crystallography data to show helical structure in 1951 What was Chargaff's contribution to the study of DNA? - Answer -Base pairing: A pairs with T G pairs with C What did James Watson and Francis Crick do? - Answer -Developed wire model that revealed definitive structure of DNA in 1953
phosphodiester bond - Answer -Bonds used to hold nucleotides together in a strand What part of an oligonucleotide and incoming nucleotide does the phosphodiester bond connect - Answer -3' carbon to a 5' carbon Polarity refers to the carbons on what part of a nucleotide? - Answer -3' end What does polymerase do? - Answer -adds nucleotides The 2 strands of a DNA molecule are held together by what - Answer -Hydrogen bonds formed between complementary base pairs. Adenine and Thymine use 2 hydrogen bonds Guanine and Cytosine have use 3 hydrogen bonds Why are the two strands of DNA antiparallel? - Answer -because their polarity is reversed relative to each other Chromatin - Answer -strings of DNA wrapped around DNA-binding proteins called histones Chromosomes - Answer -tightly coiled arrangement of DNA & proteins. How many chromosomes do most humans have - Answer -46 (23 homologous pairs) Which chromosomes are autosomes? which are sex chromosomes? - Answer -1-22 are autosomes 23 is sex chromosome
Influence how cells tissues, and organs appear Trait - Answer -genetically determined characteristic Genome - Answer -all of the DNA in an organism's cell What is the study of genomics - Answer -The study of al of a person's genes(genome), including interactions of those genes with each other and with the person's environment. What was the purpose of the human genome project that was completed in 2003? - Answer -To produce a reference sequence of the human genome Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding deoxyribose and ribose? A. Ribose has a phosphate group on the 5' carbon B. Deoxyribose has a phosphate group on the 5' carbon C. Deoxyribose has an OH group on the 2' carbon D. Ribose has an OH group on the 3' carbon - Answer -C. Deoxyribose has a OH group on the 2' carbon. Which team of scientist were the first to empirically prove that DNA was the "transforming factor"? A. James Watson and Francis Crick B. Friedrich Miescher and Erwin Chargaff
C. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens D. Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty - Answer -D. Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty How do somatic cells divide? - Answer -mitosis Mitosis - Answer -o One cell divides to form 2 daughter cells o Each has identical copy of the parent cell DNA o Prior to mitosis DNA replication must occur o Replication occurs during interphase How do sex cells divide? - Answer -meiosis Meiosis - Answer -o Parent cell divides to create 4 daughter cells o Prior to meiosis DNA replication must occur o DNA in each daughter cell is not an identical copy of the parent cell. o Meiosis 1 is the reductional division; haploid cells (n) Why is DNA in each daughter cell of meiosis not an identical copy of the parent cell? what causes these differences? - Answer -Crossing over and independent assortment. What is a fertilized egg called? - Answer -zygote (2n) has complete set of 46 chromosomes Reductional Division - Answer -occurs during meiosis 1 (Goes from diploid to haploid) semi-conservative replication - Answer -DNA replication results in one original(parental) DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand.
Transcription factors (TFs) - Answer -DNA binding proteins that can bind to promoters
- Helps RNA Pol find the promoter
- Can speed up or stop transcriptions. Enhancers - Answer -DNA nucleotides that play role in transcription by binding regulatory proteins (activators) Transcription steps - Answer -1. RNA polymerase attaches at the promoter and unwinds the DNA
- Elongation: Bases start attaching to the 3' end of the old and as a copy is made, DNA winds back together
- Termination: Process continues until it reaches the terminator, stops at a series of Adenines (A), forms a hook and loop Name 2 other types of RNA that are produced by transcription - Answer -mRNA, tRNA, rRNA mRNA - Answer -Copy of gene (acts as messenger by carrying genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm where info is read into protein) tRNA - Answer -molecules that transport amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis rRNA - Answer -short single stranded RNA molecules and are components of ribosomes Ribosomes function - Answer -site of protein synthesis RNA splicing - Answer -splice out DNA not coding for proteins (introns)
stages of translation - Answer -o Initiation ▪The recruitment of ribosome to mRNA and recognition of the start codon o Elongation ▪The stepwise addition of amino acids to the growing protein chain o Termination ▪The process by which a completed polypeptide and mRNA is released from the ribosome Gene expression - Answer -refers to the production of mRNA by a cell, and sometimes protein gene regulation - Answer -how genes can be turned on and off in response to different signals levels of gene regulation - Answer -o Chromatin domains o Transcription o Post-transcriptional modification o RNA transport o Translation o mRNA degradation o Protein degradation transcriptional regulation - Answer -controlling the amount of mRNA transcribed from a particular gene as a way to turn genes on or off Promoter - Answer -DNA sequence located upstream from gene o TATA box and CAAT box o RNA polymerase can't bind
Small (short) interfering RNA (siRNA) - Answer -o begin in the cytoplasm o binds to mRNA to regulate gene expression o silences target mRNA micro-RNA (miRNA) - Answer -o begins in the nucleus o silence gene expression by inhibiting translation or causing degradation of mRNA Mutation - Answer -change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Point mutation - Answer -gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed ▪ Silent mutations ▪ Missense mutations ▪ Nonsense mutations ▪ Frameshift mutations Inherent mutations - Answer -Can cause birth defects or inherited diseases because the mutation is present in the genome of all of the offspring's cells. Acquired mutations - Answer -occur in the genome of somatic cells ▪ Are not passed along to offspring ▪ These mutations can lead abnormalities in cell growth and ultimately in the production of cancers.
Epigenome - Answer -modifications in chromatin structure which DO NOT involve mutations in DNA sequence Affects both DNA and histones Major processes of epigenetic modification - Answer -o DNA Methylation: typically acts to repress gene transcription o Acetylated histones: increases levels of gene transcription o Non-coding RNAs: mechanisms of gene silencing What is pheno: chloroform used for - Answer -extract DNA What does phenol do to proteins - Answer -denatures proteins and solubilizes denatured proteins. When did gene cloning become a reality - Answer -1970, became possible because of the discovery of restriction enzymes and plasmic DNA vectors Clone - Answer -a genetically identical copy of a cell or organism; also, the process of making copies of a gene, cell, or organism restriction enzymes - Answer -DNA cutting Enzymes (molecular scissors) Binds to, recognizes, and cuts DNA within a specific sequence of bases called a restriction site. (Each restriction site is a palindrome) Plasmid DNA Vectors - Answer -circular form of self- replicating DNA
