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Biotechnology Exam#
What is science? - Answer --Study of the natural world -Accumulation of knowledge -Aimed at discovery and explanation-why things happen as they do -Goal: Pursuit of knowledge for its own sake What is technology? - Answer --Using knowledge, tools, and processes to solve problems and extend capabilities -"The practical application of science" -Goal: Designing products that solve problems and improve life What is biotechnology? - Answer -Using living organisms or their products for human benefit 4 main sectors of biotechnology - Answer --Industrial Biotechnology -Medical Biotechnology -Agricultural Biotechnology -Environmental Biotechnology Industrial Biotechnology - Answer -Aimed at products useful for industry ex: food processing Medical Biotechnology - Answer -Aimed at human and animal health ex: genetic testing, disease diagnosis
Agricultural Biotechnology - Answer -Aimed at agricultural productivity ex: genetically modified crops and animals Environmental Biotechnology - Answer -Aimed at bioremediation of polluted environments, environment friendly/sustainability process, biofuels Links between reproduction and Natural Selection - Answer --Organisms tend to produce more babies than the environment can support -Leads to intense competition for finite resources (we are all in competition -Some offspring therefore die What does Individual Variation have to do with NS? - Answer --Individuals within a population vary in characteristics -Some portion of their variation is due to genes and is therefore heritable -Individuals better suited to live in their particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce -These individuals contribute more genetic material to the next generation than others What role does the environment play in NS? - Answer -Determines which traits are helpful Four characteristics that all living things share - Answer --Homeostasis -Heredity -Protein synthesis -Metabolism Homeostasis - Answer -Maintaining an internal environment that's different from the external environment Heredity - Answer -Store and pass on information Metabolism - Answer -Chemical reactions that sustain life
-Larger ribosomes -Organelles -Nucleus -Mitochondria -Chloroplasts What are viruses? - Answer --Not alive -They cannot maintain homeostasis, reproduce, synthesize proteins, or metabolize -To reproduce they need a host cell Viral structure - Answer --They are not alive but they can evolve -Mutations in their genes may make them better parasites Nucleus - Answer --Membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells -Contains the cells genetic material -Function is to maintain the integrity of the genes and control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression Chromosomes - Answer --Contain the cells genetic material -In prokaryotes the chromosome is a circle of DNA -Chromosomes are much more complex structures in Eukaryotes Ribosomes - Answer --Translate encoded information from the cells nucleus from RNA -Link together animo acids selected and collected from animo acids -Export the polypeptide produced to the cytoplasm where it will form a functional protein. Cytoplasm - Answer --Contains enzymes which are responsible for breaking down waste -Responsible for giving a cell its shape -Keeps organelles in its place
Mitochondria - Answer --Aerobic cellular respiration (produce ATP) -Two plasma membranes -Closely resemble bacteria -Small ribosomes -Own small circular DNA molecule -Divide by their own (by fission) -Squirm on their own Chlorplasts - Answer --Photosynthetic (produce glucose) -Two plasma membranes -Lots of internal membrane -Closely resemble photosynthetic bacteria -Small ribosomes -Own small circular DNA molecule and plasmids -Divide on their own (by fission) Endosymbiosis Theory - Answer -Some genes transferred from symbiont to host nucleus -Many modern organisms have endosymbiotes -Protists -Marine invertebrates -Anthropods Horizontal Gene Transfer - Answer --Refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction Hydrocarbons - Answer --H and C bonded together -Lots of energy stored in C-H bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids - Answer --Have one or more double bonds between carbon Saturated fatty acids - Answer --Saturated fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids that usually have between 12 and 24 carbon atoms and have no double bonds. Phospholipids - Answer --Fundamental building blocks of the cellular membrane -Consist of a polar head group and a pair of non-polar fatty acid tails Carbs vs lipids - Answer --Carbohydrates are sugars, starches and cellulose. Lipids are fats and oils. Carbohydrates provide energy for cells, energy storage, and structural support. Lipids are hydrophobic. Their 2 main functions are energy storage and to cushion/ insulate. What is food processing? - Answer --Transformation of raw ingredients into food (fermenting, sun- drying, preserving, canning, cooking) -Transformation of food into other forms (more marketable, longer shelf life) Benefits of food processing - Answer --Removal of toxins and pathogens -Preservation -Ease in marketing, distribution, availability -More varied diet, selection -Enable convenience, lower cost, fast food -Health-conscious diet Drawbacks of food processing - Answer --Lots of mechanization (difficult for consumer to really know whats going into the food) -Loss of some nutrients -Food additives -Some processes actually create toxins -Increased potential for contamination
