Brief lecture about auditing, Schemes and Mind Maps of Auditing

The fundamental principles of assurance services and how assurance engagement risk can be managed. It explains the importance of cost-benefit consideration and professional skepticism in performing evidence-gathering procedures. The document also provides examples of how professional skepticism can be exhibited. The information presented is relevant to students studying accounting, auditing, and assurance services.

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

2021/2022

Available from 02/05/2023

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Assurance Engagement Risk
fundamental principles of assurance services
Definition
Assurance engagement risk
the risk that the practitioner expresses an ' inappropriate conclusion when the subject
matter information is materially misstated.
Managing assurance engagement risk
The practitioner may reduce assurance engagement risk to a lower level by increasing the
assurance level provided by the procedures performed.
To be meaningful, the level of assurance obtained by the practitioner is likely to
enhance the intended users’ confidence about the subject matter information to a
degree that is more than inconsequential.
Cost-benefit Consideration
In performing evidence-gathering procedures, the practitioner is expected to observe
cost-benefit consideration.
This means that “the benefits that will be derived from obtaining the evidence should
exceed the cost of obtaining it’.
The practitioner considers the relationship between the cost of obtaining evidence
and the usefulness of the information obtained.
However, the matter of difficulty or expense involved is not a valid basis for omitting
evidence-gathering procedures for which there is no alternative.
To simplify, in case there is a significant evidence-gathering procedure that is required
but involves high cost or high level of difficulty, the practitioner may:
1. Identify and perform alternative procedures that can minimize the associated
cost or level of difficulty.
2. In the absence of alternative procedures, the practitioner is still required to
perform the procedures as long as he/she believes that performance of it is
necessary and beneficial to the entire engagement.
Professional Skepticism
The practitioner plans and performs an assurance engagement with an attitude of
professional skepticism recognizing that circumstances may exist that cause the
subject matter information to be materially misstated.
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Assurance Engagement Risk fundamental principles of assurance services Definition Assurance engagement riskt he risk that the practitioner expresses an ' inappropriate conclusion when the subject matter information is materially misstated. Managing assurance engagement risk The practitioner may reduce assurance engagement risk to a lower level by increasing the assurance level provided by the procedures performed. ● To be meaningful, the level of assurance obtained by the practitioner is likely to enhance the intended users’ confidence about the subject matter information to a degree that is more than inconsequential. Cost-benefit Consideration ● In performing evidence-gathering procedures, the practitioner is expected to observe cost-benefit consideration. ● This means that “the benefits that will be derived from obtaining the evidence should exceed the cost of obtaining it’. ● The practitioner considers the relationship between the cost of obtaining evidence and the usefulness of the information obtained. ● However, the matter of difficulty or expense involved is not a valid basis for omitting evidence-gathering procedures for which there is no alternative. ● To simplify, in case there is a significant evidence-gathering procedure that is required but involves high cost or high level of difficulty, the practitioner may:

  1. Identify and perform alternative procedures that can minimize the associated cost or level of difficulty.
  2. In the absence of alternative procedures, the practitioner is still required to perform the procedures as long as he/she believes that performance of it is necessary and beneficial to the entire engagement. Professional Skepticism ● The practitioner plans and performs an assurance engagement with an attitude of professional skepticism recognizing that circumstances may exist that cause the subject matter information to be materially misstated.

● This means the practitioner makes a critical assessment, with a questioning mind, of the validity of evidence obtained and is alert to evidence that contradicts or brings into question the reliability of documents or representations by the responsible party. ● Simply stated, professional skepticism dictates that whenever the practitioner gathers information, he/she considers the possibility that the information received might contain misstatement. The practitioner will then validate the information received by performing additional procedures to exhibit professional skepticism. ● Accordingly, the more the practitioner intends to exhibit the attitude of professional skepticism, the more procedures will be required.

The following are examples of exhibiting professional skepticism

  1. An attitude of professional skepticism is necessary throughout the engagement process for the practitioner to reduce the risk of overlooking suspicious circumstances, over-generalizing when drawing conclusions from observations, and using faulty assumptions in determining the nature, timing, and extent of evidence-gathering procedures and evaluating the results thereof.
  2. An assurance engagement rarely involves the authentication of documentation, nor is the practitioner trained as or expected to be an expert in such authentication. However, the practitioner considers the teliability of the information to be used as evidence, for example, photocopiers, facsimiles, filmed, digitalized or other electronic documents, including consideration of controls over their preparation and maintenance where relevant.
  3. When receiving contradicting information from different sources, the practitioner ordinarily performs procedures to identify the possible causes of the discrepancies (e.g. bank reconciliation, subsidiary anq general ledgers reconciliation, and inquiries with parties involved to account for the differences). However, if the practitioner had already exhausted all possible means to identify the differences but still there are items unaccounted for, the following generalizations about the reliability of evidence may be useful. a. External vs. internal source ○ Evidence is more reliable when it is obtained from independent sources outside the entity. b. Effective internal control E ○ vidence that is generated internally is more reliable when the related controls are effective. c. Directly vs. indirectly obtained by the practitioner