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Bronchial Asthma in

Pediatrics

Overview, Diagnosis & Management

Definition

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night or early morning.

Etiology & Risk Factors

• Genetic predisposition
• (^) • Allergens (dust mites, pollen, pets)
• (^) • Respiratory infections
• (^) • Environmental pollution and tobacco smoke
• (^) • Exercise and cold air

Pathophysiology

• Chronic airway inflammation
• (^) • Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
• (^) • Airway edema and mucus hypersecretion
• (^) • Reversible airflow obstruction

Diagnosis

• Detailed history and physical examination
• Recurrent episodes of wheeze and cough
• (^) • Peak expiratory flow rate (older children)
• (^) • Spirometry (if feasible)
• (^) • Response to bronchodilators

Differential Diagnosis

• Bronchiolitis
• (^) • Pneumonia
• (^) • Foreign body aspiration
• (^) • Congenital airway anomalies
• Cardiac diseases

Long-term Management

• Inhaled corticosteroids
• (^) • Long-acting β2 agonists (with ICS)
• (^) • Leukotriene receptor antagonists
• (^) • Avoidance of triggers
• Regular follow-up and monitoring

Prevention & Patient

Education

• Allergen avoidance
• (^) • Proper inhaler technique
• (^) • Asthma action plan
• (^) • Adherence to treatment
• Parental education