BSCS 2 Compiler Construction, Lecture notes of Earth Sciences

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IEEE Periodicals

Transactions/Journals Department

445 Hoes Lane

Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA

V9 7-22-

© 2016 IEEE

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction 3

A. Purpose of Manual 3 B. IEEE Transactions Editing Philosophy 3 C. Different Models of Editing 3 D. Preprinting 3 E. Rapid Posting 4 F. Continuous Pagination 4 Print Collections Index of Contents Blanks and Announcements G. Article Numbering 4 H. Public Access 4 I. Open Access 4 J. Creative Commons Attribution 5

II. Editing Principles 6

A. Editing the Parts of a Paper 6 Paper Title Byline and Membership Citation IEEE Membership Grades Invited Paper Line Running Heads Copyright Lines Open Access

1. OAPA; 2) CC BY First Footnote B. Editing the Body of a Paper 13 Abstract Index Terms Nomenclature Text Section Headings Introduction Text Equations Appendix Acknowledgment References Text Citation of Figures and Tables Republished graphics Biographies Squibs D. Other Text to Edit 19 Footnotes Lists in Text Note Added in Proof E. Other Types of Papers 20 Editorials Brief Papers Short Papers, Correspondence, and Communications Comments and Replies Corrections Book Reviews Obituaries/In Memoriam F. Editing Style for Transactions 22 Acronyms Spelling

Trademarks Plurals Hyphenation Rules The En, Em, or Two-Em Dash Grammar Contractions Capitalization Math Equation Numbers Displayed Equations Typical Problems

G. General Layout Rules 26

III. Grammar and Usage in Transactions 27 A. Rules of Grammar 27 B. Words Often Confused 27

IV. Editing Mathematics 29 A. The Language of Math 29 B. In-Line Equations and Expressions 29 C. Break/Alignment Rules 30 D. Exceptions and Oddities 30 E. Headings for Theorems , proofs , and Postulates 31 F. Text Equations 31 G. Reminders 31 H. Short references List of Italics , Roman , and Small Capitals 32 I. Functions and Operators Always Set in Roman Font 32 J. Glossary 33 K. The Greek Alphabet 33

V. Editing References 34 A. Citing References 34 B. Style 34 Periodicals Books Reports Handbooks Published Conference Proceedings Papers Presented at Conferences Patents Theses (M.S.) and Dissertations (Ph.D.) Unpublished Standards C. On-Line Sources 38 Books, Monographs Periodicals Papers Presented at Conferences Reports and Handbooks U.S. Government Documents Patents Manuals/Software

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Purpose of Manual

This style manual provides general editing guidelines for IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters. For guidance in grammar and usage not included in this manual, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style , published by the University of Chicago Press.

B. IEEE Transactions Editing Philosophy

The IEEE’s responsibility in editing papers for the Transactions is not to make any determination on or do any editing of the technical content of the papers we work with, but is instead to render the work as readable, grammatically correct, and as consistent with IEEE style as possible. Since we are concerned with the IEEE house style, the author’s style of writing is not changed. A mechanical edit to correct or question grammatical errors is done, obvious inconsistencies or omissions, spelling, and punctuation are fixed. Since we work with highly technical text, extensive formatting of mathematical material is also done. Some manuscripts require closer editing than others. Some papers, for example, are from authors unfamiliar with the English language. Authors with questions or requiring assistance with the English language may visit http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/authors/authors_journals.html. Often, an IEEE Staff Editor must determine how to correct a grammatical error or in decide what can be safely changed or corrected without altering the author’s original meaning. Because of the highly technical nature of the material we deal with, and because of our often limited understanding of that material, it is especially important that Staff Editors do not risk making any unnecessary changes or any that may affect the author’s meaning. Sometimes there are cases where it is simply not possible to decipher an author’s meaning or to find a way to correct a sentence. In these cases, a judgment is made either to query the author on the proof about the passage in question, to directly contact the author, or in rare cases, to work with the Transactions Editor or Guest Editor to clarify the material.

C. Different Models of Editing

There are several different models of editing.

 Fully edited articles : These papers are edited and follow the IEEE Transactions/Journal style.

 Moderately edited articles : These articles are minimally edited. The abstract, first footnote, figure captions, and biographies are edited to style. The references are checked for accuracy and completion.

Excludes:

• Editing text for grammar, punctuation, spelling or style Includes Editing of:
• Abstracts
• Bios
• Callouts & art captions Ensures accuracy of:
• Article metadata
• Automated spell check
• Reference validation Also includes:
• Author proofs & alterations

D. Preprinting (Pre-edit Rapid Posting)

Preprinting is a term used to define the process of posting an author-submitted PDF of his/her manuscript online on the IEEEXplore site. This is done within a day or two of receipt at the IEEE. The author is required to include a signed copyright form with their submission package. If the form is not provided, the paper cannot be preprinted. On Xplore, it appears under “Early Access.” This version of the paper has been accepted for publication by IEEE, but

With green OA, authors publish in any journal and then self-archive a version of the article for gratis public use on the author’s personal web site, on a server operated by the author’s employer, or on a server operated by an approved not-for-profit third party. IEEE allows its authors to follow mandates of agencies that fund the author’s research by posting accepted versions of their articles in the agencies’ publicly accessible repositories.

With gold OA, authors publish in Open Access journals, which provide immediate, free access to all of their articles, usually on the publisher's website. ("Hybrid" gold OA journals are subscription journals that provide gold open access only for those individual articles for which their authors (or their author's institution or funder) pay an article processing charge.

J. Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)

Some funding agencies require that authors use specific publication licenses in place of a traditional copyright transfer if a portion of their grants are to be used to pay article processing charges (APCs). Two such funding agencies are the Wellcome Trust and the Research Councils of the United Kingdom (RCUK), both of which require authors to use the CC BY license. In addition, some authors whose work has not been supported by such funding agencies also want to use the CC BY license. In either case, these authors should explicitly declare their interest in having their papers published under a CC BY license to IEEE staff editors upon submitting their manuscripts.

Interested authors may also e-mail a request to [email protected]. The e-mail should declare the author(s) interest in submitting their manuscripts under a CC BY license and should also provide basic information about the manuscript (e.g., author names, article title and IEEE publication title to which the manuscript is being submitted). Authors who need to satisfy their funding agency’s specific requirement(s) should also identify the specific agency. The IEEE IPR Office will respond with an acceptance letter indicating that the use of the CC BY license has been approved.

II. EDITING PRINCIPLES

The sections of a paper should generally be edited in the following order:

1. Title Page (including paper title, byline, membership, first footnote including Digital Object Identifier (DOI) information, running head, and copyright line)
2. Abstract, must be one paragraph, and no more than 250 words. A minimum of 150 words are suggested, but not mandatory.
3. Index Terms
4. Nomenclature (optional)
5. Introduction
6. Body of Paper
7. Conclusion
8. Appendix(es)
9. Acknowledgment
10. References
11. Figure and Table Captions
12. Photos and Biographies

A. Editing the Parts of a Paper

Paper Title In the paper title, capitalize the first letter of the first and last word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions ( If, Because, That, Which ). Capitalize abbreviations that are otherwise lower case (i.e., use DC, not dc or Dc) except for unit abbreviations and acronyms. Articles ( a, an, the ), coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, for, or, nor ), and most short prepositions are lower case unless they are the first or last word. Prepositions of more than three letters ( Before, Through, With, Versus, Among, Under, Between, Without. ) should be capitalized. Example:

 Nonlinear Gain Coefficients in Semiconductor Lasers: Effects of Carrier Heating

 Self-Pulsation in an InGaN Laser m

Part I: Theory and Experiment

Byline and Membership Citation Check authors’ names against biographies and editorial correspondence (compare to IEEE Membership Directory listing if necessary). Use the longest and most complete name given in either the biography or byline. Use the same information in both places. Always defer to the author’s wishes if changes are made in the proof stage. Nicknames are not allowed in the byline, but may be included in the biography. Examples:

C.-Y. Chen, Member, IEEE , K. S. Snyder, Jr., Fellow, IEEE, and J. Fortunato, III, Senior Member, IEEE

Mohammed Z. Ali, Member, IEEE, and Murat Torlak, Fellow, IEEE

Check the manuscript byline and biographies to see if IEEE membership information has been provided by the author. If so, verify the information in the IEEE Membership Directory and enter it into the byline and into the biography.

IEEE Membership Grades Student Member, Graduate Student Member, Associate Member, Member, Senior Member, Fellow, Life Associate Member, Life Member, Life Senior Member, and Life Fellow. The highest grades other than Affiliate Members are listed in the byline. All grades are listed in the biography. Life Members carry the highest previous grade in their byline.

NOTE: Affiliate Members are not considered members for the purposes of the byline and biography. An affiliate of an IEEE Society is not an IEEE member, but rather an individual who has been admitted by a

Copyright Lines Authors of non-OA articles must sign and return the IEEE Copyright Form before their paper is published (either online or in print). A paper is considered published on the date it appears on IEEE Xplore (this includes pre-prints, rapid posts). The section of the form signed determines the type of copyright line used.

There are several different types of copyright lines used in Transactions papers.

The IEEE copyright line is by far the most commonly used line. The IEEE copyright line Copyright Clearance Center Code (or CCC code) is used at all times whenever the “A” section of the IEEE copyright form has been signed by the author. The author’s signature on the “A” section of the IEEE copyright form and use of the IEEE copyright line indicate IEEE ownership of the paper’s copyright.

The following is a sample IEEE copyright line from the IEEE JOURNAL OF Q UANTUM ELECTRONICS :

0018-9197 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

The first two sets of four numbers (separated by an hyphen) in the line are the ISSN code for the Transactions (also found on the front cover of the printed book). (Note: the price information was omitted in 2013. This appeared before the copyright symbol representing the amount the IEEE charges per copy when permission is granted to use IEEE copyrighted material.) Last on the line is a circled copyright symbol followed by the full year of publication and the identifier “IEEE.”

Other types of lines may be used when certain conditions are met. The U.S. Government copyright line is used when the “B” section of the copyright form is signed and all the authors of a paper are U.S. government employees and prepared the paper as part of their job. The U.S. Government line reads:

U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright.

NOTE: This copyright line ends with a period.

The EU copyright line is used when all authors are employed by one or more European Union organizations.

The following is a sample EU copyright line from the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON A PPLIED S UPERCONDUCTIVITY :

1051-8223 © 2014 EU

The Crown Copyright line is used when the “C” section of the copyright form is signed and all the authors of a paper are employees of the British or British Commonwealth governments. The Crown Copyright line is similar to the IEEE copyright line, except that the “IEEE” at the end of the line is replaced with “British Crown Copyright” or “Canadian Crown Copyright” as follows:

The following sample copyright lines are from the IEEE JOURNAL OF D ISPLAY TECHNOLOGY :

1551-319X © 2014 British Crown Copyright 1551-319X © 2013 Canadian Crown Copyright

Rapid posted/pre-printed papers : If you are posting papers in 2013 for a print issue in 2014, please note the year in the copyright line MUST be the year of online publication. Also, note the copyright line (year) information will NOT change when the article is printed in 2014.

Note this applies to all models of publication, rapid post, preprint, and continuous (e.g., JSEN, JQE, LPT). That is, rapid-posted , preprinted, or continuously paginated articles that posted to IEEE Xplore in 2013, but will be printed in 2014, should carry a copyright year of 2013.

Open Access

http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/oapa.pdf

Q: Do authors need to sign an IEEE copyright transfer form for an OA article? Not in every case. The standard document for an author to authorize publication of an article supported by an article processing charge (APC) is the IEEE Open Access Publishing Agreement (OAPA). This form transfers copyright to IEEE, while assuring that IEEE will make the article freely available to all visitors to IEEE Xplore. The OAPA gives IEEE full authority to resolve any complaints of abuse (such as plagiarism) of the authors' content.

IEEE will make exceptions for authors who have special requirements from their funding agencies to publish their OA articles with a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Two such funding agencies are the Wellcome Trust and the Research Councils of the United Kingdom (RCUK), both of which require authors to use the CC BY license. IEEE will accept use of the CC BY license in these cases. Authors with a funding requirement to use the CC BY license should not sign the OACF, but instead should request a CC BY license.

Q: What if the authors choose both OAPA and are also US Government employees? Which copyright form do they sign?

ANS: Section (2) of the OAPA copyright form.

How do an author obtain the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license?

Authors who choose to submit their manuscripts under a CC BY license, or whose research has been supported by any funding agency and are required to submit their manuscripts under a CC BY license, will need to provide a letter or e-mail to the editorial staff or the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office, in which they must clearly state their interest in submitting their manuscript under a CC BY license. The letter must also provide basic information about the manuscript (e.g., author names, article title, and IEEE publication title to which the manuscript is being submitted). Authors will receive an acceptance letter indicating that the CC BY license has been approved.

Authors who submit a manuscript and opt for a CC BY license are required to accept the Terms & Conditions of IEEE in order for their paper to be published and posted in IEEE Xplore. Authors who choose to submit under a CC BY license will be subject to the publishing policies and procedures of IEEE.

The IEEE Open Access Publishing Agreement (OAPA)

With the OA publication model comes a new IEEE Open Access Publishing Agreement, which is available for immediate use. The agreement serves four important purposes:

1. An explicit promise is made to OA authors that IEEE will present their work with free access to all users.
2. OA authors are assured that they are free to post the final, published version of their articles on their personal Web sites, their employers' sites, or their funding agency's sites.
3. The OAPA gives IEEE sufficient legal rights to resolve any complaints of abuse (such as infringement and plagiarism) of the authors’ content.
4. The OAPA allows users to copy the work, as well as to translate it or to reuse it for text/data mining, as long as the usage is for non-commercial purposes.

IEEE authors who want to submit their manuscripts under an OA license are encouraged to use the IEEE OAPA.

Open Access copyright lines

OAPA:

1949-3029 © 2013 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for academic research only. Personal use is also permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

Examples ( Traditional - articles not preprinted or rapid posted):

Manuscript received April 27, 2012; revised September 18, 2012; accepted July 25, 2013. Date of current version September 09, 2013. This work was supported by the UEFISCSU under Grant PN-II 65/01.10.2007 and Grant PN-II 331/01.10.2007. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Prof. Vesa Valimaki. (Corresponding author: Jessie T. Ming.)

Manuscript received June 10, 2014; revised July 29, 2014; accepted July 31, 2014. Date of current verson October 2, 2014.

Note: There is only one final date. The “published” date here is acquired from IDAMS data.

Examples (print collections (continuous)----articles published online (continuously) with pagination, e.g., LPT, JQE:

Manuscript received April 27, 2012; revised September 18, 2012; accepted July 25, 2013. Date of publication August 15, 2013; date of current version September 09, 2013. (Corresponding author: Jessie T. Ming.)

Examples (preprinted or rapid posted articles):

Manuscript received November 07, 2013; revised January 20, 2014; accepted February 09, 2014. Date of publication March 11, 2014; date of current version April 29, 2014.

Manuscript received December 14, 2006; revised November 8, 2007 and February 8, 2008; accepted February 20, 2008. Date of publication June 8, 2008; date of current version January 29, 2009.

Manuscript received June 10, 2014; revised July 29, 2014; accepted July 31, 2014. Date of publication August 29, 2014; date of current verson October 2, 2014.

Manuscript received February 22, 2009; accepted March 3, 2009. Date of publication June 8, 2009; date of current version August 29, 2009.

Manuscript received January 15, 2013; revised April 10, 2013; accepted April 29, 2013. Manuscript received in final form on May 20, 2013. Date of publication September 8, 2013; date of current version January 18, 2014.

In some Transactions, the Volunteer Associate Editor who processed the paper is listed next in the first paragraph, and this is referred to as a “recommended line.” See specific Transactions for placement and wording. Some examples are:

Manuscript received February 5, 2007; revised March 29, 2007; accepted March 29, 2007. Date of publication June 8, 2007; date of current version January 18, 2008. Paper recommended by Associate Editor Thomas Lynch.

Manuscript received February 5, 2007; revised March 29, 2007. Date of publication June 8, 2007; date of current version January 18, 2008. This paper was recommended by Associate Editor T. Lynch.

Manuscript received July 4, 2007; revised September 4, 2007. Date of publication June 8, 2007; date of current version July 18, 2008. This work was supported by the UEFISCSU under Grant PN-II 65/01.10.2007 and Grant PN-II 331/01.10.2007. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Prof. Vesa Valimaki. (Corresponding author: Jessie T. Ming.)

All financial support for the work in the paper is listed next in the first paragraph and not in the Acknowledgment at the end of the paper. Examples of financial support acknowledgment are:

1. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant 90210 and Grant ECS-12345.
2. This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada under Contract 12345 and Contract 702589 and in part by the National Science Foundation.
3. This work was supported by grants from the Muscular Dystrophy Association of America and the Swedish Medical Research Council.
4. If an author/organization requests specific wording, e.g., by National Institutes of Health (NIH), use language provided.

If support was given to a specific author, the following wording is used:

The work of C. T. Walsh was supported by the National Institutes of Health.

Information of full or partial prior presentation of a paper at a conference may be included in the first paragraph of the first footnote. It may not be necessary, however, to cite prior presentation of a paper at a conference if the paper is appearing in a special issue made up exclusively of papers presented at the conference.

If a paper is a thesis or part of a thesis or dissertation, this should be so noted in the last sentence of the first paragraph of the footnote.

Below is a sample of a first paragraph of the first footnote:

Manuscript received January 15, 2008; revised April 10, 2008; accepted April 29, 2008. Manuscript received in final form on May 20, 2008. Date of publication September 8, 2008; date of current version January 18, 2009. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant GK-716, by the Joint Services Electronics Program under Contract AF-AFOSR-128-94/95, and by the Adolph C. and Mary Sprague Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science. This paper was presented in part at the Fourth (or 4th) Annual Allerton Conference on Circuit and System Theory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, October 1995.

The second paragraph of the first footnote is made up of the authors’ affiliations, and the corresponding author’s email address. There are instances when several authors may want their email addresses included. E-mail addresses are separated by semicolons. Examples are shown below. . For one author or if all authors have the same, or more than one affiliation:

The author is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA, and also with Bellcore, Morristown, NJ 07960 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).

The author(s) is (are) with the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).

K. Gong is with the Tsinghua National Laboratory, Beijing 10084, China, and also with Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300725, China (e-mail: [email protected]).

The authors are with the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]).

Two or more authors: For two or more authors with different affiliations, use separate sentences and paragraphs for each, using all initials with a surname. Group the authors with the same affiliation together; list the affiliations according to the order of the first author listed in the byline for each location. Email addresses are separated by semicolons. Examples:

L. P. Li is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. T. Ikeda and H. Ishikawa are with Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-01, Japan (e-mail:[email protected]).

The authors are with Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-01, Japan, and also with the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).

If an author had one affiliation at the time the paper was written and a new one at the time of publication, list the information as follows:

The author was with the Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12181 USA. He is now with the Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.

If an author is on leave from his current position, list the information as follows: The author is with the Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering, University of Canberra, Canberra, A.C.T. 2616, Australia, on leave from the Department of Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Additional Examples: Retired author: L. A. Tepper, retired, was with the Applied Research Laboratory, Bellcore, Morristown, NJ 07851 USA. He resides in Laguna Niguel, CA 92677 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).

Deceased author: P. Dorigo, deceased, was with the Progetto di Intelligenza Artificiale e Robotica, Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.

Consultant: P. Leff Jr. was with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. He resides in Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.

 The abstract must be self-contained, without abbreviations, footnotes, or references. It should be a microcosm of the full article.  The abstract must be between 150-250 words. Be sure that you adhere to these limits; otherwise, you will need to edit your abstract accordingly.  The abstract must be written as one paragraph, and should not contain displayed mathematical equations or tabular material.  The abstract should include three or four different keywords or phrases, as this will help readers to find it. It is important to avoid over-repetition of such phrases as this can result in a page being rejected by search engines.  Ensure that your abstract reads well and is grammatically correct.

Index Terms

All papers must contain Index Terms. These are keywords provided by the authors. Request them if they are not provided. Index Terms appear in bold type in the same style as the Abstract, in alphabetical order, and as a final paragraph of the Abstract section. Separate Abstract and Index Terms by a 6-pt. space. Capitalize the first word of the Index Terms list; lower case the rest unless capitalized in text. Include the definition of an acronym followed by the acronym in parentheses. Example:

Index Terms— Abstraction, computer-aided system engineering (CASE), conceptual schema, data model, entity type hierarchy, ISO reference model, layered architecture meta model, reverse engineering.

Note to Practitioners

This is formatted in the same style as Abstracts. It follows the Abstract and is separated by a line space. There may be more than one paragraph. The text appears in boldface and in 8-point type. Example:

Note to Practitioners— Abstraction, computer-aided system engineering (CASE), conceptual schema, data model, entity type hierarchy, ISO reference model, layered architectural meta model, reverse engineering.

Note Added in Proof: This added information is usually inserted at the end of the Conclusion section of the paper or in whatever section contains the last paragraph of the main body of the paper. (See p. 18.)

Nomenclature Nomenclature lists (lists of symbols and definitions) generally follow the Abstract and Index Terms and precede the Introduction. This type of list is characterized by the following.

1. The Nomenclature heading is a primary heading without a Roman numeral.
2. The first column of the list is flush left.
3. The second column is aligned on the left.
4. There is one em space from the longest item on the left side to the right side.
5. The first letter on the right-hand side is capitalized.
6. Each item ends with a period.
7. Do not use “is” or “the” at the beginning of items.
8. Do not use equality symbols between the left and right sides.

Equations in an item should be handled as follows.

1. When the equation is at the beginning of an item, align the equal sign with the right-hand side capitals, end the equation with a period, begin the definition with a capital, and end with a period.
2. When the equation is at the end of an item, end the definition with a comma, follow with an equal sign and the rest of the equation, then end with a period.

N OMENCLATURE

SPQ Strictly proper pole constraints. M Minimal weighted sensitivity. P ( s ) Physical feedback. W Weighting. Q = P – 1. Improper function.

S, l Signal density, = P, M.

NOTE: Acronyms defined in a Nomenclature list do not need to be defined again in the text. If the section headings are made up of only previously defined acronyms, we should continue to add the acronym in parentheses next the the definition, as it becomes unreadable otherwise.

Text Section Headings Standard specifications have been established for Transactions text section headings. There are four levels of section headings with established specs: primary (section), secondary (subsect1), tertiary (subsect2), and quaternary (subsect3) heads. Enumeration of section headings is desirable, but is not required. Follow the author’s preference. However, the choice must be consistent throughout the paper. That is, if an author enumerates some but not all section headings, the remaining headings in the paper should be labeled so that all headings and all levels of section headings in the paper are enumerated. Author enumeration notation that is not in IEEE style should be changed to IEEE style. For example, if an author labels primary headings with capital letters, they should be changed to Roman numerals to match IEEE style. The remaining style rules for each level of section heading as listed below should also be followed. Primary headings (section) are enumerated by Roman numerals, centered above text, and set in 10-pt. and 8-pt. caps. Note that Introduction, Conclusion, and Acknowledgment are Singular heads. Example:

I. I NTRODUCTION Secondary headings (subsect1) are enumerated by capital letters followed by periods (“A.,” “B.,” etc.), flush left, italic, upper and lower case. Example:

A. Formal Frameworks

Tertiary headings (subsect2) are enumerated by Arabic numerals followed by parentheses. They are indented one em, run into the text in their sections, italic, upper and lower case, and followed by a colon. Example:

1) Sophisticated Local Control: Sophisticated local control is applied when … Quaternary headings (subsect3) are identical to tertiary headings, except that they are indented two ems instead of one em, lower case letters are used as labels, and only the first letter of the heading is capitalized. Example:

a) Communication policies: Policies developed to improve communication …

Reference and Acknowledgment headings are unlike all other section headings in text. They are never enumerated. They are simply primary headings without labels, regardless of whether the other headings in the papers are enumerated. Example:

REFERENCES

A CKNOWLEDGMENT (note spelling here) Appendix headings are a special case. The primary heading(s) in the Appendix or Appendixes (note spelling of plural) are set according to the usual style, except that there is flexibility in the enumeration of the heading. The author may use Roman numerals as heading numbers (Appendix I) or letters (Appendix A). Either is acceptable. The Appendix is not preceded by a Roman numeral. Follow the rules given earlier for labeling subsidiary heads. Note that if there is only one Appendix in the paper, leave the Appendix unnumbered and unnamed as is. (Appendix subheads should also not be enumerated in this case.) Examples:

A PPENDIX

A PPENDIX I

P ROOF OF T HEOREM

A PPENDIX A

P ROOF OF T HEOREM

Headings for Theorems, Proofs, and Postulates: Some papers do not conform to an outline style for theorems and proofs that is easily transformed into the normal heading sequence. The preferred style is to set the head giving the theorem number as a tertiary heading (no Arabic numeral preceding) and the proof head as a quaternary head. This rule also applies to Lemmas, Hypotheses, Propositions, Definitions, Conditions, etc.

“For example” should not introduce references in the actual list, but should instead be included in parentheses in text (or in a footnote), followed by the reference number, i.e., “For example, see [5].” Do not say “in reference [1] …”; rather, the text should be edited to read simply, “in [1] …” The author’s name should not be included in a text reference with a number (i.e., “In Smith [1]”) and should be changed to “in [1]” except in such cases where the author’s name is integral to the understanding of the sentence (e.g., “Smith [1] reduced calculated time …”). Reference dates should not be used as reference identifiers and should be deleted in text except in rare cases where the date is somehow relevant to the paper’s subject. Sometimes an author will refer to a specific figure of a reference or to a specific page or equation from a reference. To avoid confusion, rewrite phrases such as “in Fig. 2 of reference [1]” to the IEEE cross-reference notation “in [1, Fig. 2].” Similarly, rewrite phrases such as “in equation (8) of reference [1]” to be [1, eq. (8)]. Other phrases may be rewritten as [1, Sec. IV], [1, Th. 4.2], or [1, Ch. 3]. If an author lists the same reference more than once on the reference list, giving a new reference number for each page or part of the same source that is cited, these separate references should all be made into one reference and the separate citations of pages, equations, etc., should be made in text using the notation explained in the previous paragraph. If a reference author’s name is mentioned in text, check its spelling against the reference list.

Text Citation of Figures and Tables All first citations of figures and tables in the paper must be in numerical order. If a figure is not mentioned or if the first text mentions are not in order, call or query the author and/or renumber the figures where necessary. Citations to figures in text always carry the abbreviation “Fig.” followed by the figure number. The abbreviation is used even when it begins a sentence. Figures: If labeled, parts of figures (callouts) should be 8-pt. lower case Roman letters within parentheses. Whenever possible, all caption parts shown on the figure must be removed and keyed along with the caption. The general style for captions is such that each caption number should be cited with the abbreviation “Fig.” and the number, followed by a period, an em space, and then the text of the caption. The first word of the caption should always be capitalized, regardless of any style that may be chosen to list caption parts (a), (b), etc., if included. In general, do not use A, An, or The at the beginning of a figure or table caption. Example:

Fig. 1. Theoretical measured values of n. There are several acceptable styles for listing the parts of the figure in the caption. Be consistent within each paper, but otherwise use whichever style is most convenient for the figure. Regardless of which caption notation is used, the citation of (a), (b), etc., should always appear before the corresponding caption part. Examples:

Fig. 1. Intercomplex crosstalk characteristics. (a) Electrode transmission. (b) Interelectrode crosstalk.

Fig. 2. (a) Variation of effective mode index with time. (b) Step-index change.

Fig. 3. Output resistance as a function of channel doping for 1-m-long gate. (a) InGaAs and (b) InP JFETs with pinchoff voltage as a parameter.

Fig. 4. (a) and (b) Plain and side views, respectively, of the experimental setup used to measure the effective diffraction loss which can be achieved using the feedback technique. Do not use:

Fig. 1. (a) Electrode transmission. (b) Interelectrode crosstalk.

If a figure after reduction will run more than one 21-pica column in width, the caption should be flush left on 43 picas. If parts of a figure after reduction will run the length of more than one page, the full descriptive part of the caption should be cited with the first part of the figure followed by the corresponding caption for the part. On the subsequent pages, the word ( Continued. ) will be placed under the carryover parts of the figure followed by a repeat of the full descriptive part of the caption and the corresponding caption for the carryover parts. Captions for Landscape/broadside figures : The text should appear below the figures and facing outward at all times. Example:

Fig. 6. True and estimated spectra for a real data sequence. (a) True spectrum.

Fig. 6. ( Continued.. ) True and estimated spectra for a real data sequence. (b) Estimated with the periodogram.

Tables: The general style for table captions is such that each caption number should be centered above the table with the label TABLE (set in 8-pt. caps) and the enumeration given in Roman numerals. The descriptive text of the caption should be centered directly below the table number caption and is set in 8-pt. and 6-pt. caps. The captions are usually centered on 21 picas, unless the table will be wider than one column width, in which case the table caption should be centered on 43 picas. The descriptive text of the table caption does not contain a period at the end of the caption, although punctuation may be necessary within the caption itself. In general, table captions should be set as an inverted pyramid. As in figures, labeled parts of tables should be 8-pt. lower case Roman letters within parentheses. The style for listing the parts of a table in the caption and in text depends on whichever style is most convenient for the table. The most acceptable style is to follow the conventions for callouts of figures. Example:

TABLE I P ARAMETER V ALUES

TABLE II O PTIMAL W AVELENGTH AS A F UNCTION OF P OLARIZER ANGLE. (a) WAVELENGTH FOR EXTERNAL C AVITY. (b) ESTIMATED W AVELENGTH FOR LASER DIODE A single rule should be added above and below the table body. Use the hrule macro to create rules. The type specs for the text of a table is 8-pt. TR for full length papers, brief papers, and short papers. The same rules as in figures apply for listing table part labels (callouts). Table footnotes should be 8-pt. type and should be placed below the bottom rule of the table.

Obtaining permission to reuse copyrighted material

1) Reusing IEEE graphics previously published in IEEE publications. Author should email IEEE Intellectual property department at: [email protected]. In mose cases, the only requirements will be to give full credit to the original source and to obtain the author’s approval (as a courtesy to the author). At the end of the caption, add the reference number of the papers from which the graphics are being used. 2) Reusing graphics previously published in non-IEEE publications. Author must have obtained permission to republish from copyright holder (in most cases, this is the publishing house (not the author of the paper). The wording is provided by the author (usually supplied by the publishing house itself). This text is added at the end of the caption.

Photos and Biographies IEEE Transactions author biographies are generally divided into three paragraphs. However, if appropriate information for each paragraph is not provided by the author, the biography may be only one or two paragraphs. The author’s photograph is sized at 6 picas wide by 7.5 picas deep and is surrounded by the biography. The biography begins with the author’s full name and IEEE membership history as listed in the IEEE Membership Directory. The author’s name appears in boldface type and must match the byline. A nickname may appear within parentheses, e.g., Sung-Mo (Steve) Kang, but not in the byline. The format for listing the IEEE membership history is to list each grade of membership attained followed by an apostrophe and the year it was attained, with each year and grade combination separated from the others by an en dash. Note that if an author attains the same membership grade in more than one year, list only the first year that it was reached. Check the current membership listed with the biography against the byline. Abbreviations for IEEE membership grades are: S (Student Member), A (Associate Member), M (Member), SM (Senior Member), F (Fellow), LA (Life Associate Member), LM (Life Member), LSM (Life Senior Member), and LF (Life Fellow). Note that A stands for Associate, not Affiliate, Member. Affiliate memberships are not listed in the byline or biography membership history. Delete all references to IEEE membership from the text of the biography. First Paragraph: If provided by the author, the first paragraph may contain a place and/or date of birth (list place, then date). Next, the author’s educational background is listed. When listing degrees earned, the biography should state “[S]he received the Ph.D. degree from …” (not “[S]he received [her] his Ph.D. degree from …”). Always add the word degree after a degree title if it is not included. Include the years degrees were received. If the author was educated overseas, the names of the degrees earned may not be familiar. Abbreviations for some common international and domestic degrees are:

Dipl.Ing., Diplom-Physiker, Dr. Ing., Dr. Phil., Dr. Eng., B.S., S.B., B.Sc.(Hons.), B.E.E., B.S.E., M.Eng., M.Sc.(tech.), M.S.E.E., M.S.E., Civilingenir, Lic.es Sci., Lic.es Lett.