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Running Head: DATA TYPES AND STRUCTURES 1 C Data Types and Structures Western Governors University Application: Three types of Data Aggregate Data: Used to develop information about groups of patients. This allows healthcare professionals to identify commonalities that may predict the course of a disease or provide information to effectively treat the disease. This is done through patient interviews, research, and statistical data. (Gaspar, 2015)
Similarities: This data is similar to comparative data, in the fact that it cannot be traced back to the specific patient. It contains
many details about a specific event that can be used with other data to quantify reports.
Differences: This type of data cannot be traced back to a specific patient. Typically, a health facility will deal with this kind of
data to generate reports and indicators, and strategic planning within the health system. Comparative Data: This data is routinely collected and analyzed quantitatively. The data is typically complex information, consisting of information from a large number of healthcare providers. The information gathered is compared with multiple technical and medical quality attributes. (JH. Hibbard et al., 1970) (^) Similarities: Comparative is similar to aggregate, in that it is not limited to one patient, but the data is tracked across time, organizations, patient populations, and other variables. (Ryan & Thompson, 2002) (^) Differences: Comparative data is different in that it is anonymous, and it gathers and breaks down the aggregate data collected, into a component or smaller units of data. Patient-centric Data: Patient-centric data is focused on the patient, rather than other types like records. This enhances the understanding and knowledge among patients and their health and well-being. This includes personalized interactions, price transparency, and efficient customer service. ( What is a Patient-Centric Approach? Benefits & Common Questions: Healthgrades n.d.) (^) Similarities: If the data is anonymized, it can be used to track trends, or for audit purposes. (^) Differences: Data collected here is based on a single patient, such as diagnosis, name, age, and medical history. It is highly confidential and must be protected so that no other doctors can get it. ( Difference between Aggregated and Patient data in a HIS 2020)
Examples of Types of Data Aggregate data can be used in many ways and be hugely beneficial in that it is comprehensive and consistent. It can lead to more predictive modeling through the ability to pinpoint trends. There is greater confidence that the data is both reliable and more balanced. (HealthLeaders, 2008) Routinely collecting and analyzing data quantitatively can have many advantages and pitfalls concerning comparative data in the healthcare setting. Comparative data can be used retrospectively, making it easier to gather information for large numbers of patients. (Powell, Davies, & Thomson, 2003) Patient-centric tools used by the patient, allows the individual to control their records. This also allows healthcare teams to provide health education, based on what is in the patient file. (Chase, 2015) Justification: Appropriateness of Data Sources Aggregate data is defined as not being limited to just one patient. It is tracked across time, organizations, and populations. Without aggregate data, outcomes cannot be compared. Collecting this type of data, from multiple databases, makes it more shareable and cohesive. This information can be used to compare with other healthcare facilities. (Gissal, n.d.) Comparative data is a rich source of information about large numbers of patients, with different conditions across a diverse geographical setting. There are fewer hurtles using comparative data when it comes to acquiring ethical information and consent since comparative data is anonymized. (Powell, Davies, & Thomson,
Patient-centric data or care is an important part of any healthcare setting because it establishes a partnership among the practitioners, patients, and their families (when appropriate). This ensures that any decisions being made respect the patients' wants, needs, and preferences and allows them to participate in their care. (Scher MD, 2012) Sources of Data A relevant source of data that can be collected and used for aggregate data analysis are cancer registries from different occurrences or different cancers,
transmit and share information across various clinical systems through standardized definitions and data mapping in a more streamlined approach. (Hermann MS RHIA, 2018) References Gaspar, S. (2015, February 10). Aggregated data. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://clinfowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Aggregated_data JH. Hibbard, E., E. Peters, N., MN. Marshall, P., MB. Rothberg, E., S. Edgman-Levitan, P., S. Robinson, M.,... DL. Frosch, D. (1970, January 01). Understanding and using comparative healthcare information; the effect of the amount of information and consumer characteristics and skills. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6947-12- Ryan, S., & Thompson, C. B. (2002, June). The use of aggregate data for measuring practice improvement. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12092272/ What is a Patient-Centric Approach?: Benefits & Common Questions: Healthgrades. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://www.evariant.com/faq/what-is-a-patient-centric-approach Difference between Aggregated and Patient data in a HIS. (2020, November). Retrieved November 24, 2020, from https://docs.dhis2.org/master/en/user/html/difference-between-aggregated-and-patient-data-in-a-his.html HealthLeaders. (2008, April 22). Collaboration: The Power of Data Aggregation. Retrieved November 24, 2020, from https://www.healthleadersmedia.com/innovation/collaboration-power-data-aggregation Powell, A., Davies, H., & Thomson, R. (2003, April 01). Using routine comparative data to assess the quality of health care: Understanding and avoiding common pitfalls. Retrieved November 24, 2020, from https://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/12/2/ Chase, D. (2015, July 12). The 7 Habits of Highly Patient Centric Providers. Retrieved November 24, 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/davechase/2013/02/18/the-7-habits-of-highly-patient-centric-providers/?sh=1c14d7fa Gissal, A. (n.d.). The Importance of Data Aggregation and Collaboration for Health Providers. Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://www.idashboards.com/blog/2019/02/13/the-importance-of-data-aggregation-and-collaboration-for-health-providers/ Scher MD, D. L. (2012, March 03). How Patient-Centric Care Differs from Patient-Centered Care. Retrieved November 24, 2020, from https://davidleescher.wordpress.com/2012/03/03/how-patient-centric-care-differs-from-patient-centered-care-2/ Sources of Aggregate (Summarized) Data Results. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2020, from http://www.ndhealth.gov/healthdata/datasources.asp
Oachs, P. K., & Watters, A. L. (2020). VitalSource Bookshelf Online, Health Information Management 6th Edition. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from https://wgu.vitalsource.com/ Personal Health Records: What Health Care Providers Need to Know. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2020, from https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/factsheets/about-phrs-for-providers.pdf 10 Best Healthcare Data Sets (Examples). (2020, November 23). Retrieved November 24, 2020, from https://archer-soft.com/blog/10-best-healthcare-data- sets-examples Hermann MS RHIA, M. (2018, November 18). What is a Data Dictionary? Retrieved November 24, 2020, from https://journal.ahima.org/what-is-a-data- dictionary
