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C.A.L.T Exam Study Guide latest updated
Alexia - correct answer The loss of the ability to read, as the result of a brain injury. Apasia - correct answer Impairs the ability to speak and understand others. Articulation - correct answer The act or manner of producing sounds. Echolalia - correct answer Imitation of the mother's sounds, rhythm and tone. Hyperlexia - correct answer The superior ability to reads words without comprehension. Lexicon - correct answer An inventory of word knowledge, either spoken or written. EX: dictionary, encyclopedia Otitis Media - correct answer Inflammation of the middle ear that can lead to temporary conductive hearing loss or permanent hearing loss. Receptive Language Disorder - correct answer The inability to understand or comprehend language heard or read. Expressive Language Disorder - correct answer The inability to put thoughts into words or sentences in ways that make sense and is grammatically correct. Phonology - correct answer Smallest unit of sound. The sounds of letters. Ex: Cat= phonemes (c) (a) (t). Syntax - correct answer The grammar system of language. The way words are strung together. Ex: words and punctuation to form sentences, clauses or phrases. Semantics - correct answer Word meaning in language. Ex: final destination = last stop Discourse - correct answer Written or spoken communication or debate. Ex: Formal writing, a speech. Morphology - correct answer The smallest unit of language that convey meaning. Ex: Root words Pragmatics - correct answer Incapable of understanding the speakers intent (requests and tones) Ex: Can't you turn down the T.V.? = means no; not yes. Alphabetic Language - correct answer A language in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds.
Alphabetic Principle - correct answer The use of letters and letter clusters to represent phonemes in an orthography. (spelling) Anglo Saxon - correct answer The language of the Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) who settles in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. It was the dominant language in Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066. Analytic Instruction - correct answer Instruction that separates the whole into its parts to reveal its relationships. (Whole to Part) (Top Down) (Concept driven) Analytic Phonics - correct answer Students hear the whole word and segment into phonemes or sounds in order to spell. (whole to part) Ex: Pit = (p) (i) (t) Antonyms - correct answer Words that are opposite in meaning. (semantics) Arbitrary Learning - correct answer New learning that has no logical connection to already acquired knowledge or practical relationships. Auditory - correct answer relating to or experienced through hearing. Visual Acuity - correct answer Sharpness of vision, measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard. EX: 20/20 vision Bottom-up Process - correct answer Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of accurate sequential reading of every word. Comprehension is viewed as text driven rather than concept driven. (Part to whole) (Start from the bottom) Concept Driven Process - correct answer Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of using one's experiences and expectations to react to text. Also called top- down process. (Whole to part) Cooperative Learning - correct answer Instructional approach in which students work together rather than compete to solve a problem or complete a task.Ex: group work or PBL Corrective Feedback - correct answer Teacher responses during and following practice of a skill that is sensitive to a student's level and that guides him or her closer to mastery. Cumulative - correct answer Having a new learning that is based upon previously learned elements. Ex: Building knowledge as we go. Diagnostic Teaching - correct answer Teaching that uses observation and formal and informal assessments to measure student progress against expected performance standards. Systematic, guided diagnoses of academic barriers. (Prescriptive teaching)
Implicit Instruction - correct answer Instruction that implies understanding without being expressed. Also known as inferential instruction. Latin - correct answer The language of the ancient Romans from which 60% of English words are derived. Linguistic - correct answer Denoting language processing and language structure. Linguistics - correct answer Study of the production, properties, structure, meaning and or use of language. Logographic Writing System - correct answer A system in which pictures represent the words of language (Chinese). If English were treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 600,000 pictures. EX: Pictures rather than sound. Metaphor - correct answer A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that means on thing is used, through implication, to mean something else. Ex: The ship plows the sea. Multiple Meanings - correct answer Different meanings for the same word. EX: homographs Polygot - correct answer A language that is derived from several languages. English is a polygot language, derived from Anglo Saxon, Latin and Greek languages. Prefix - correct answer A letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning. Rapid Automatized Naming - correct answer The rapid naming of a series of printed objects, colors, number or letters repeated over and over in random order. (RAN) Simile - correct answer An explicit comparison of two unlike things, usually with the word like or as. Ex: (as busy as a bee) Suffix - correct answer A letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change its meaning. Synonyms - correct answer Words with similar meanings. (semantics) Syntax - correct answer The system by which words may be ordered in phrases and sentences; sentence structure;grammar. Synthetic Instruction - correct answer Instruction or a process that begins with the parts and builds to the whole. (part to whole) (bottom-up) (text driven)
Synthetic Phonics - correct answer Instruction that starts with individual letter sounds that are blended together to form a word. Ex: i=(i);t=(t);p=(p);n=(n) use the parts to form a word. (tip) (nip) (tin) (it) Encoding - correct answer Spelling Decoding - correct answer Reading Orthography - correct answer Correct spelling, correct writing for sound VAK - correct answer Visual, Auditory, Knesthetic Initial - correct answer First or beginning Medial - correct answer Everything between first and last. Final - correct answer Last or end Grapheme - correct answer Visual shape or representation of a single letter or letter cluster which represents a speech sound. Phoneme - correct answer Speech sound, separate sound units of spoken words. c=(c) a=(a) t=(t) Equivocal - correct answer Ambiguous, uncertain, a letter that represents more than one sound or a sound that is spelled more than one way. Ex: (k) k, c // ck, k, ke, c Unequivocal - correct answer Clear, not doubtful, a letter that represents only one sound or is spelled only one way. Ex: (h) only one sound Discovery Method of Teaching - correct answer Socratic teaching method of asking questions through guided discovery. Multisensory Learning - correct answer Using all learning modalities. (VAKT) Vowel - correct answer Open, voiced sound Consonant - correct answer Blocked or partially blocked sound that is either voiced or unvoiced. Base Word - correct answer Simplest form of an English word. Affix - correct answer Letter or group of letters added to the beginning or end of a base word to change its meaning or its use in the sentence. Auditory Memory - correct answer Ability to remember sounds in sequence.
Neuroimaging - correct answer Diagnostic method of viewing brain structures and activity through the use of nuclear technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuropsychology - correct answer A science that integrates psychological observations of behavior and mind with the observations of the brain Orthographic Processor - correct answer Processes the perception of letter sequences Phonological Processing - correct answer Perception, interpretation, recall and production of language at the level of the speech sound system. Phonological Processor - correct answer Processes the mapping of letters to their spoken equivalents. Word Blindness - correct answer Term used in the late 19th and early 20th century for dyslexia. Hinchelwood coined the term. ADHD - correct answer Short attention span, hyperactive motor behavior, impulsive or poor impulse control, inattentive, does not finish things, fails to heed instructions, low frustration tolerance, difficulty completing tasks, restless, talks excessively, immature social behavior, fidget, etc. Dyscalculia - correct answer Failure to learn quantity concepts, number symbols and manipulation of number symbols. Dysgraphia - correct answer Difficulty in learning handwriting despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, etc. and difficulty in putting thoughts on paper. Dysnomia - correct answer Difficulty in word finding. Ex: Can't find the word quick enough, whats that thing, that thing over there, that Dysphasia - correct answer Loss of ability to use or understand language due to a brain injury or disease. Motor System Disorder - correct answer Incoordination and clumsiness. Oral Language Disorder - correct answer Expressive language delay-expressing spoken language. Receptive language delay- delay in understanding spoken language. Accommodations - correct answer Changes within the general classroom to enable students to keep up with the education program, such as intensive instruction, reduced assignments, adapted test procedures, use of computers, calculators and tape recorders. Achievement Tests - correct answer A test of the student's academic achievement.
Anecdotal Information - correct answer Information gathered related to observation of behavior or characteristics. Ex: scratching eyes, shaking hands Curriculum Referenced Tests - correct answer Test in which items are taken from the curriculum used in the child's classroom so that he or she is not tested on material that have not been taught. May be standardized or informal. Diagnosis - correct answer The act, process, or result of identifying the nature of a disorder or disability through observation and examination. Formal Testing - correct answer Tests that are standardized using a carefully selected sample of people representative of a larger group of people for whom the test was created. Must be administered and scored by measures prescribed in a manual Informal Testing - correct answer Tests that are structured but not standardized. Ex: classroom tests. They can be modified. Interdisciplinary Evaluation - correct answer A thorough evaluation conducted by a team of specialists to determine the exact learning needs of a student and to propose an appropriate educational plan. Modifications - correct answer A term used to refer to changes in how an alternate assessment is administered. Ex: 10 spelling words instead of 20. Norm Referenced Tests - correct answer Assessment of performance in relation to that of the norm group used in the standardization of the test. A standardized test that compares scores between a student and other children of the same age or grade level. Percentile Rank - correct answer How a student is achieving in comparison to the normative sample. Ex: Same for a child in CA as a child in NJ. Performance Assessment - correct answer an assessment that is used to demonstrate competency. Reliability - correct answer Consistency with which an assessment instrument measures information. Rubric - correct answer Details the criteria used for scoring. Running Record - correct answer Part of an informal reading assessment that identifies a student's error patterns and fluency Screening/Indicator - correct answer An assessment that is giving to identify students at risk for reading difficulties. EX: QPS
Free Morpheme - correct answer A morpheme that can stand alone as a whole word. Also called unbound morphemes. (pit, hand, shine) Heterogeneous Practice - correct answer A spelling or reading practice session with more than one focus. Homogeneous Practice - correct answer A spelling or reading practice in which every word contains the same pattern or rule that is the single focus of practice. Macron - correct answer A diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture that indicates a long sound. Monosyllable - correct answer A word of one syllable containing one vowel sound Onset - correct answer The initial written or spoken single consonant or consonant cluster in a word. C= onset for cat. AT= rime Open Syllable - correct answer A syllable ending with a vowel. (He, she, so) Phoneme Deletion - correct answer A phonemic awareness task in which the student is presented with a word and is asked to say all of the sounds except one. (say cat without (c) Phonemic Awareness - correct answer Awareness of the smallest unit of speech. (individual letters in a word). Prosody - correct answer The musical quality of language, including intonation, expression, stress, pitch, juncture, and rhythm. (Reading with expression) Rime - correct answer The written or spoken vowel and the final consonant in a syllable. (at in cat) Schwa - correct answer A vowel sound in many lightly produced unaccented syllables in words of more than one syllable signified by "uh" and by an upside down e. Can be represented by any vowel.
