Capacitors
Basics &
Applications
Applications - I
Oct 2006
CARTS-Asia 2006
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Capacitor Performance and Impedance: Understanding Capacitance, ESR, and Impedance Vector, Exams of Logic
An in-depth analysis of capacitor performance, focusing on capacitance, Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR), and impedance vector. It covers various capacitor types, their impedance versus frequency, and applications. The document also discusses the relationship between ESR, XC, and XL, and the impact of ESR on dissipation factor, power factor, and Q-factor.
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Capacitors
Basics &
Applications
Applications - IOct 2006CARTS-Asia 2006
CeramicTantalumAlum. Elect.Film
Capacitor Types, Uses, and Differences
2
Capacitors &Applications
"Pure" Capacitor
)
Farads
(
C )
Hertz
(
f
X
Z
C
π
=
=
2
1
“Pure”
Capacitor
100
1,
10,
100,
1,000,
10,000,
Frequency (Hz)
1 10 100 1000 Impedance (Ohms)^10000
47 uF
.47 uF4.7 uF
“Pure” Capacitor’s Performance
Impedance, Reactance, and Resistanceare Vectors
Resistance (ESR)is "Real Element"
Reactance is imaginary
Impedance Z
is complex,
containing bothreal andimaginarycoefficients, ormagnitude andangle (direction).
)
X
X (
C
L
v
v
Vectors
2
2
ESR
X
Z
C
(Z)
Capacitance & Resistance vs. Freq.
Capacitance with ESR vs. Frequency
100
1,
10,
100,
1,000,
10,000,
100,000,
Frequency (Hz)
1 10 100 1000 10000 Impedance (Ohms)
1.0 Ohm ESR0.1 Ohm ESR
47, 4.7, and .47 uF ESR = 1 and 0.1 ohms
47 uF
.47 uF 4.7 uF
Based on Vector relationship
DF = cot(Theta)
= ESR / X
C
PF = cos(Theta)
= ESR / Z
Q
= tan(Theta)
= X
C
/ ESR = 1 / DF
where^ DF
= Dissipation Factor
PF
= Power Factor
Q
= "Q" or figure of merit
Theta
X
C
Z
ESR
Common terms define
“loss”
element
C
ESR
ESL
ESL or Equivalent Series Inductance is created byrestricting current to a defined, physical path
The “RLC” Circuit
Reactance
Frequency
X
C
decreasing
The frequency at which X
C
= X
L
is the self-resonant frequency.
At this frequency, X
C
=-X
L
, or zero, and the impedance is equal to the
ESR.Prior to this frequency, component behaves as capacitor; after thisfrequency, component behaves as inductor.
X
L
increasing
self-resonant frequency.
LC
f
π
=
2
1
Self-Resonance
RLC Frequency Response
100
1,
10,
100,
1,000,
10,000,
Frequency (Hz)
1 10 100
Impedance (Ohms)
0.25 Ohms ESR0.10 Ohms ESR0.05 Ohms ESR0.01 Ohms ESR0.001 Ohms ESR
47 uF Capacitance / 2.5 nH ESL Impedance versus Frequency versus ESR
Impedance across types
1
10
100
1,
10,
Frequency (kHz)
1 10 Impedance (Ohms)
100 uF Aluminum
10 uF
Tantalum
1 uF
Ceramic
Lowest Impedance is not always highest Capacitance
Capacitance change with frequency
FREQUENCY
% Capacitance Change
Film
-2% to -5%
Ceramic
0% to -5%
Tantalum -15% to -60%~30kHz to 300kHz
Aluminum -15% to -90%~10kHz to 30kHz
Meter determines capacitance orinductance based on dominantreactive element, with noconsideration for any recessive trait.
Frequency
ActualCapacitiveReactance
ActualInductiveReactance
ApparentIncreasingCapacitance
DeterminedCapacitiveReactance
Actual Capacitance
False Capacitance Peaking
Measuring with pure sinusoidal signal
PhaseMeasurementAmplitudeMeasurement
Most equipment measures phase and amplitude resultants from sinusoidal source.
CapacitorUnderTest
Source