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Cardiovascular System
What is the function of the cardiovascular system? - ✅Transportation About how much does the heart weigh and what is it's size? - ✅Less than a pound and the size of a fist Mediastinum - ✅Space between the lungs where the heart lies Apex - ✅The pointed end of the heart that rests on the diaphragm (it is directed toward the left hip) Base - ✅Top part of the heart that is broad Pericardium - ✅Double-walled sac that the heart sits in and contains serous fluid between the layers to prevent friction Pericarditis - ✅Inflammation of the pericardium that results in the decrease in the serous fluid What are the 3 layers of the heart wall? - ✅1. Epicardium ✅2. Myocardium ✅3. Endocardium
Endocardium - ✅A thin sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers, it is continuous with the linings of the blood vessels (innermost layer of the heart wall) How many hollow chambers does the heart has? - ✅ 4 Atria - ✅Receiving chambers, blood comes into the heart Where are the atria located? - ✅Superior Ventricles - ✅Bottom chambers that send out blood Interatrial or intraventricular septum - ✅Divides the heart longitudinally Which side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins? - ✅The Right Side Superior and Inferior Venae Cava - ✅The veins that bring in blood from the upper and lower parts of the body to the heart Pulmonary Arteries - ✅Carry blood to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded. (Takes blood to the lungs) Pulmonary Vein - ✅Vein that brings blood back from the lungs to the heart
Left Aortic - ✅three half-moon shaped cusps (flaps) Right Pulmonic - ✅three half-moon shaped cusps (flaps) When do the AV valves open? - ✅During heart relaxation When are the semilunar valves closed? - ✅During heart relaxation Valvular Stenosis - ✅When the valve flaps become stiff Endocarditis - ✅Bacterial infection of endocardium (Enlarges Heart) Coronary Arteries - ✅Branch from the base of the aorta and encircle the heart Angina Pectoris - ✅When the myocardium is deprived of oxygen and results in a crushing chest pain. Myocardial Infarction - ✅Heart Attack, heart cells die because of prolongs oxygen deprivation Why are the walls of the atria thicker? - ✅They carry high pressure How much blood does the heart pump in one day? -
✅It pushed the body's supply of 6 quarts of blood (6 liters) through the blood vessels over 1000 times, meaning it actually pumps about 6000 quarts of blood in a single day. What are the 2 systems that act to regulate the heart activity? - ✅1. Autonomic Nervous System
- Intrinsic Factor Intrinsic Conduction System - ✅Sets the basic rhythm On average, how many times does the heart beat per minute? - ✅ 75 Where is the SA node located? - ✅Right Atrium Where is the AV node located? - ✅At the junction of the atria and the ventricles Sinoatrial (SA) Node is also known as... - ✅the pacemaker of the heart Purkinje Fibers - ✅Spread within the muscle of the ventricle walls Describe how the Intrinsic Conduction System Works - ✅1st the SA node (a tiny cell mass) starts each heartbeat and sets the pace. 2nd From the SA node, the impulses spreads through the atria to the AV node to cause a contraction 3rd Once the AV node is finished contracting it is passed though the AV bundle, the bundle of his, the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers.
Congestive Heart Failure - ✅A progressive condition that reflects weakening of the heart Coronary Atherosclerosis - ✅Clogging of the coronary vessels with fatty buildup Pulmonary Edema - ✅Blood vessels become swollen with blood, fluid leaks from the circulation into the lung tissue, if untreated a person suffocates Dyspnea - ✅Shortness of breath Vascular System - ✅From heart to arteries, to arterioles, to capillary beds. These drain into venules, which goes back to heart in veins, then through the venae cava into heart Arteries - ✅blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Arterioles - ✅the smallest arteries that connect with the capillaries Capillary Beds - ✅a network of capillaries Venules - ✅small veins Veins - ✅blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart How many coats or tunics are in the walls of blood vessels? -
✅3 coats Why are the walls of arteries thicker than veins? - ✅They are continuously changing pressure Are veins closer or farther apart from the hear? - ✅Farther Valves - ✅Prevent backflow of blood (contained in veins) varicose veins - ✅the pooling of blood in the feet and legs and inefficient venous return resulting from inactivity or pressure on the veins, the overworked valves give way Thrombophlebitis - ✅Inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel with poor circulation Pulmonary Embolism - ✅When a blood clot detaches and ends up in , clot (thrombus) or other material lodges in vessels of the lung Aorta - ✅Largest artery in the body Ascending Aorta - ✅the ascending part of the aorta as it emerges from the left ventricle Name the branches of the ascending aorta - ✅Right and Left coronary arteries Left Internal Carotid -
✅Where the veins draining from the head and arms empty into Which side does the Venae Cava enter? - ✅On the right atrium Inferior Vena Cava - ✅Where veins draining the lower body empty into (below the diaphragm) Azygos Vein - ✅Single vein that drains the thorax Great Saphenous Veins - ✅The longest veins in the body (used for open heart surgery) External Jugular Vein - ✅receives blood from skin and muscles of head Subclavian Vein - ✅receives blood from the arm though the axillary vein Median Cubital Vein - ✅Site for blood removal for blood testing, anterior aspect of the elbow Basilar artery - ✅Serves the brain stem and the cerebellum as it travels upward What is another name for Cerebral Arterial Circle? - ✅Circle of Willis Cerebral Arterial Circle / Circle of Willis - ✅Blood vessels that surround the base of the brain, protecting the brain and providing more than one route for blood to reach brain tissue Hepatic Portal Circulation -
✅Drains the digestive organs, spleen, and pancreas and deliver this blood to the liver through the hepatic portal vein Which portal has a unique and unusual circulation - ✅Hepatic Portal Circulation Vital Signs - ✅Arterial Pulse and Blood Pressure and Respiratory Rate Pulse - ✅A pressure wave that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle What is the pulse average beats per minute? - ✅70- Pressure Points - ✅Points at the body surface where the pulse may be felt Blood Pressure - ✅The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels, it is the only force that keeps blood circulating continuously even between heartbeats Arterial Pulse - ✅Pressure wave of blood that can only be felt in the arteries. Systolic Pressure - ✅The pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic Pressure - ✅The pressure when the ventricles are relaxing. How is blood pressure measured? -
✅70-80 mm Hg Hypotension - ✅Low blood pressure with a systolic below 100 mm Hg Orthostatic Hypotension - ✅Temporary Low Pressure from suddenly changing positions Hypertension - ✅High Blood Pressure that is 140/90 of higher What is the percentage of people with primary or essential hypertension? - ✅90%
