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Case Study - Environmental Sciences - Lecture Slides, Slides of Environmental Science

Acharya Nagarjuna UniversityEnvironmental Science

Case Study, Government Instituted, Rate Plummeted, Policy Exempted, Unintended Consequences, Killing Female Infants, Human Population Growth, Rates of Growth, Really a Problem, Less Food are some points in this lecture of Environmental Sciences.

Typology: Slides

2011/2012

Uploaded on 12/22/2012

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Case study: China’s one-child policy
•In 1970, China’s 790 million people
faced starvation
•The government instituted a one-
child policy
–China’s growth rate plummeted
–in 1984, the policy exempted
ethnic minorities and farmers
•Unintended consequences:
–killing female infants
–black-market trade in teenage
girls
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Case study: China’s one-child policy

  • In 1970, China’s 790 million people faced starvation
  • The government instituted a one- child policy - China’s growth rate plummeted - in 1984, the policy exempted ethnic minorities and farmers
  • Unintended consequences:
    • killing female infants
    • black-market trade in teenage girls

Human population growth: 7 billion

  • Populations continue to rise in most countries
    • particularly in poverty-stricken developing nations
  • Although the rate of growth is slowing… is still increasing in absolute numbers

It would take 30 years, counting once each second, to count to a billion! It would take 210 years to count to 7 billion!

Rates of growth vary from region to

region

  • At today’s 1.2% global growth rate, the population will double in 58 years (70/1.2 = 58.33)
  • If China’s rate continued at 2.8%, it would have had 2 billion people in 2004.

Is population growth really a problem?

  • Population growth results from technology, sanitation, food - death rates drop, but not birth rates
  • Some people say growth is no problem
    • new resources will replace depleted ones
  • Quality of life will suffer with unchecked growth - less food, space, wealth per person

Population growth affects the

  • The IPAT model: I = P x A x T x Senvironment
    • Our total impact (I) on the environment results from…
      • interaction of population (P)
      • affluence (A)
      • technology (T)
      • sensitivity (S) factor
    • Population = individuals need space and resources
    • Affluence = greater per capita resource use
    • Technology = increased exploitation of resources
    • Sensitivity = how sensitive an area is to human pressure

Computer simulations predict the

future

  • If the world does not change… - population and production will suddenly decrease
  • in a sustainable world…
  • population levels off,
  • production and resources stabilize
  • pollution declines

Population distribution

  • Increased density impacts the environment, but relieves pressure in less-populated areas
  • Humans are unevenly distributed around the globe

Age structure affects future

population size

  • Having many individuals in young age groups results in high reproduction and rapid population growth
  • Even age distribution: remains stable because births = deaths

Sex ratios

  • Naturally occurring sex ratios for humans slightly favors males (100 females born to 106 males)
  • In China, 120 boys were reported for 100 girls - cultural gender preferences, combined with the government’s one-child policy, led to selective abortion of female fetuses
  • Undesirable social consequences of many single Chinese men - teenage girls were kidnapped and sold as brides

Population growth depends on

various factors

  • Whether a population grows, shrinks, or remains stable depends on: - rates of birth, death, and migration - birth and immigration add individuals - death and emigration remove individuals
  • Technological advances led to dramatic decline in human death rates - widening the gap between birth rates and death rates resulting in population expansion

Factors affecting total fertility rate

  • Total fertility rate (TFR) = the average number of children born per female
  • Replacement fertility = TFR that keeps the size of a population stable
  • Increasing urbanization decreases TFR
    • children go to school
    • increase costs
  • With social security, elderly parents need fewer children to support them
  • Greater education allows women to enter the labor force, with less emphasis on childdocsity.com

Life expectancy is increasing

  • Natural rate of population change = due to birth and death rates alone - countries with good sanitation, health care, and food…people live longer
  • Life expectancy = average number of years that an individual is likely to continue to live - increased due to reduced rates of infant mortality - urbanization, industrialization, and personal wealth

The demographic transition’s

four stages

Population growth is seen as a temporary phenomenon docsity.com

Is the demographic transition

universal?

  • It has occurred in Europe, U.S., Canada, Japan, and other nations over the past 200- 300 years
  • It may or may not apply to all developing nations - the transition could fail in cultures - that place greater value on childbirth or - grant women fewer freedoms