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CDS 442 Test With Complete Solution
Stylohyoid muscle - Answer Action: Retracts hyoid bone (up and back) *Suprahyoid Digastricus muscle - Answer Action: lifts hyoid up and forward (anterior belly) or backward (posterior belly) *Suprahyoid Sternothyroid muscle - Answer Action: depresses thyroid cartilage *Infrahyoid Sternohyoid muscle - Answer Action: depresses hyoid bone *Infrahyoid Omohyoid muscle - Answer Action: depresses hyoid bone *Infrahyoid Thyrohyoid muscle - Answer Action: depresses hyoid (or raises thyroid cartilage) *Infrahyoid Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscle - Answer Action: rotates arytenoids inward *Adductor Transverse Arytenoid muscle - Answer Action: approximates arytenoids (pulls them towards one another) *Adductor Oblique Arytenoid muscle - Answer Action: approximates apices of arytenoid cartilages *Adductor Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle - Answer Action: pulls muscular process posteriorly *Abductor Thyroarytenoid muscle - Answer Action: shortens (increases tenseness); can help with adduction *Tensor Cricothyroid muscle - Answer Action: rocks thyroid cartilage forward (via cricothyroid joint), decreasing distance between cricoid and thyroid cartilages
*Tensor Structure of the Vocal Folds - Answer epithelium: superficial layer lamina propria: 3 layers 1 elastic fiber layers ... then the vocal ligament is 1 (another) elastic fiber layer 1 collagen (below 1st elastic fiber layer Movement of Cricoarytenoid Joint - Answer - junction of the arytenoid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
- saddle joint (rocking and sliding)
- abduct (open) and adduct (close) the vocal folds Movement of the Cricothyroid joint - Answer - junction of the cricoid cartilage and the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage
- rocking movement of thyroid cartilage down and forward
- changes the length of the vocal folds (pitch) Hyoid Bone - Answer greater horn -- back one lesser horn -- front one Cricoid Cartilage - Answer anterior view so lamina would be on the other side Thyroid Cartilage - Answer oblique line attaches the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles that attach to the larynx lamina on each side both of those faces are the laminae Arytenoid Cartilage - Answer #4 Muscular Process #5 Vocal Process Epiglottis - Answer #1 Epiglottis Action: seals off the windpipe during eating, so that food is not accidentally inhaled. Cricotracheal membrane - Answer Thyrohyoid membrane - Answer Lateral Thyrohyoid ligament - Answer Medial Thyrohyoid ligament - Answer Vocal ligament - Answer Hyoepiglottic ligament - Answer attaches epiglottis to the hyoid bone
- Air rushes through the narrow constricted opening (accelerates to go through)
- High speed air draws the sides of the opening in Increase in air velocity = decrease in pressure
Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory - Answer 1. Negative pressures cause the vocal chords to be sucked together
- Airspace is now closed below the glottis
- Air pressure from the lungs builds up underneath
- Pressure then blows folds outward
- Opens glottis back up, releasing a single puff of air The human voice is 10s and 100s puffs of air being released and filtered by the vocal chords
Vocal Registers - Answer ongoing pattern of vibration
Hertz - Answer - vocal fold vibration is measured in Hertz (Hz), a specific measure of frequency (cycles per second)
- One opening one closing of vocal folds: 1 cycle
Changes in the larynx with age - Answer - downward migration of the larynx in infancy
- ossification of cartilaginous structures
- drop in fundamental frequency -- growth = increased mass -- sex differences
- sex related voice differences in elders -- females drop in fundamental frequency -- males rise in fundamental frequency
simultaneous/usual vocal attack - Answer everything happens at once
breathy/soft vocal attack - Answer airstream is realized prior to adduction
hard/glottal attack - Answer vocal folds adduct prior to sufficient air flow
modal register - Answer pattern of phonation used during sustained phonation, our typical register
pulse register - Answer lower end of fundamental range, often referred to as glottal (vocal) fry at the far end of the range, low tracheal pressure
loft register - Answer higher end of fundamental range, falsetto, higher levels of longitudinal tensions and tracheal pressure
phonatory cycle - Answer 1. tracheal air pressure builds up
- vocal folds separate from bottom up
- glottis appears, pressure releases, vocal folds move laterally
- full extension of vocal folds
- vocal folds move toward midline (Bernoulli)
- vocal folds approximate from bottom up
- cycle completes and renews.
cover body model - Answer cover mass (epithelium) vibrate differently that body mass (muscle tissue), which causes the wave like fashion of the vocal fold oscillation.
fundamental frequency - Answer average rate of vibration
