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CECE Comprehensive Exam Study Guide with Complete
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According to your text, some of the things that cause our children problems are: A. The changing world, values, and crises B. Too many refined products in their diets C. The focus on self-esteem D. A competitive environment correct answers A. The changing world, values, and crises One of the continuing challenges for many children is: A. Enmeshed extended families B. Unchanging values C. High stakes testing D. Poverty correct answers D. Poverty Brazelton and Greenspan's "irreducible needs" include all the following EXCEPT: A. Physical protection B. Working alliances C. Nurturing relationships D. Opportunities to learn correct answers B. Working alliances Which of the following statements is true? A. Principles for counseling children are completely different than principles for counseling adults B. Counseling involves a relationship between counselor and client in which the counselor helps the client resolve a problem C. Child counseling focuses on children with learning, social, or behavioral problems and who are classified as being severely disturbed D. Counseling is always helpful correct answers B. Counseling involves a relationship between counselor and client in which the counselor helps the client resolve a problem A counselor working with children focuses on: A. Treating children with serious emotional and behavioral problems B. Helping children with learning, social, or behavioral problems, using both preventive & remedial techniques C. Normal developmental concerns only D. Growth and development and the effect of childhood experiences on the adult correct answers B. Helping children with learning, social, or behavioral problems, using both preventative & remedial techniques
Children bring three pieces of information to the counseling session. That information includes their problem or concern, their feelings about the problem, and: A. Their friend's expectations B. Their parent's expectations C. Their expectations of the counselor D. Their expectations of themselves correct answers C. Their expectations of the counselor Which of the following is one of the categories of personal strengths related to resilience? A. Buffers B. Extraneous variables C. A sense of purpose D. Emotional disturbance correct answers C. A sense of purpose Resilience can be considered: A. Rare B. Not identified before age 6 C. Keeping barriers in place D. Coping well with negative circumstances correct answers D. Coping well with negative circumstances Community services available for children and families can be classified as: A. Supportive B. Preventative C. Rehabilitative D. All of the above correct answers D. All of the above One of the categories of problems children bring to counseling includes: A. A lack of skills B. Dietary concerns C. Beauty issues D. Homework assignments correct answers A. A lack of skills Maslow's hierarchy of needs contains five levels. In order, they are: A. Safety needs, physiological needs, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization B. Self-actualization, love and belonging, physiological needs, safety needs and self-esteem C. Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization
C. Grief D. Birth order correct answers A. Attachment The differences between mental health and mental illness can be a difference in: A. Perceptions B. Theory C. Terminology D. Degree correct answers D. Degree The characteristics of a culturally effective counselor also include all of the following except: A. Assisting the client to change and adjust to the present culture B. Avoiding being "culturally encapsulated" C. Recognizing that no theory of counseling is entirely neutral D. Understanding his or her own values and philosophy toward other cultures correct answers D. Understanding his or her own values and philosophy toward other cultures Culture can be defined as: A. A group's way of talking to each other B. All the behavior and attitudes that are learned, shared, and transmitted among group members C. Going to the theater D. The natural part of the environment correct answers B. All the behavior and attitudes that are learned, shared, and transmitted among group members How do we know if counseling works? A. The client changes B. The client returns C. Your supervisor tells you D. The client pays the bill correct answers A. The client changes Regarding how much self-disclosure is appropriate for the counselor, Poppen and Thompson concluded that: A. Self-disclosure is more beneficial when it takes a here-and-now focus B. Self-disclosure is seldom appropriate C. Self-disclosure is an excuse for getting help with one's own problems D. Self-disclosure should always be positive correct answers A. Self-disclosure is more beneficial when it takes a here-and-now focus Which of the following is NOT a common ingredient in successful therapy? A. Encouragement
B. A supportive environment C. Goals and direction D. Advice correct answers D. Advice The three things counselors should listen for are clients' concerns, feelings about concerns, and: A. What other people think about the client's problems B. The expectation the client has for counseling C. How the past has caused the problem D. General information about the client's life such as age, academic achievement, and occupational goals correct answers B. The expectation the client has for counseling When the interviewee will not talk, the counselor's best technique is to: A. Probe with questions in order to break the ice B. Reflect the interviewee's reluctance to begin or continue C. Wait in silence D. Encourage the interviewee to relax and "open up" correct answers B. Reflect the interviewee's reluctance to begin or continue Corsini summarized the critical elements necessary for change as which of these sets? A. Transference, catharsis, modeling B. Resistance, self-disclosure, empathy C. Cognitive, affective, behavioral D. Clarification, summarization, active listening correct answers C. Cognitive, affective, behavioral Lazarus's framework for understanding problems is called the: A. BASIC ID B. SCORE C. HELPING D. ABCDE correct answers A. BASIC ID One of the universal counseling skills is: A. Interpretation B. Transference C. Minimal encouragers D. Education correct answers C. Minimal encouragers Choose the most common sequence of events within a general counseling framework:
A. Courage B. Competence C. Beneficence D. Persistence correct answers C. Beneficence A virtue ethic to which the counseling profession adheres is: A. Beneficence B. Courage C. Competence D. Prudence correct answers D. Prudence The files of clients who are children: A. Are not accessible to parents B. Are no longer personal files if typed by a personal secretary C. May not be seen by anyone, even the client D. Are protected by the law correct answers D. Are protected by the law A counselor that you work with talks openly about her cases with other members of the staff. She has even been known to leave confidential information on the bathroom sink while using the restroom. What is your responsibility? A. Attempt to resolve the situation by talking directly to the counselor. If the counselor still violates confidentiality, report the behavior to the head of administration B. Ignore the situation because you don't want to get yourself into any trouble, nor do you want to be a snitch C. Tell the counselor's clients of the counselor's behavior as they have a right to know about the unethical behavior D. Go directly to the head of administration to discuss this counselor's actions correct answers A. Attempt to resolve the situation by talking directly to the counselor. If the counselor still violates confidentiality, report the behavior to the head of administration You hold strong beliefs/opinions against homosexuality, and you are a counselor for a group of young men, one of whom is a homosexual. What do you do? A. Allow the man to stay in the counseling group, but be up front with the group by letting your opinions be well known to him and to the others B. Let the homosexual man know about your beliefs, and kindly tell him that he can't be included in the counseling group for these reasons C. Resign from this job, but search for another job where you will not be counseling a homosexual person D. Resign from this job, and seek help to resolve the conflict between the nondiscriminatory
counseling philosophy and your discriminatory beliefs correct answers D. Resign from this job, and seek help to resolve the conflict between the nondiscriminatory counseling philosophy and your discriminatory beliefs Lynn, age 7, is upset over the death of her mother and tells you she plans to join her mother in heaven. She has found her mother's medicine and plans to take a large number of pills in order to die. You discuss the situation with her at length and try to convince her it is better to live, but you are not sure she agrees. When she leaves, you still fear she will try to "join her mother in heaven." What would you do? A. Tell Lynn you believe that there is a possibility of her hurting herself , that you don't want that to happen and that you and she need to talk with her father. You contact her father B. Make her sign a statement that she will not take the pills C. Call her father to alert him of her plan and ask him to keep your conversation confidential D. Call her medical doctor immediately and arrange for institutionalization correct answers A. Tell Lynn you believe that there is a possibility of her hurting herself , that you don't want that to happen and that you and she need to talk with her father. You contact her father One tip to help counselors who are having an ethical dilemma is: A. Do not involve the client in the decision-making process B. Always act in the best interests of the client C. Always act in the best interests of the child's school D. Always act in the best interests of the child's parents correct answers D. Always act in the best interests of the child's parents The primary goal of counseling within a psychodynamic frame of reference is: A. To make the unconscious conscious B. To make the conscious unconscious C. To re-educate D. To measure psychic energy correct answers A. To make the unconscious conscious The case of Pete exhibits all of the following psychodynamic concepts except: A. Interpretation B. Acting out C. Undoing D. Making the unconscious conscious correct answers C. Undoing According to psychoanalytic theory, the basic concepts of human nature revolve around: A. Psychic determinism and dynamic unconscious mental processes B. Free association C. Phallic, anal and oral
Individuals who see in others what they fail to recognize in themselves are exhibiting a defense mechanism known as: A. Denial B. Projection C. Repression D. Rationalization correct answers B. Projection All of the following are techniques related to the person-centered counseling method except: A. Clarification B. Constructive advice C. Active listening D. Summarization correct answers B. Constructive advice The Rogerian model for helping, as modified by Carkhuff, involves which one of the following answers? A. Establish goals, insight, and revise goals B. Establish goals, goal-directed action, and evaluation C. Self-exploration, understanding, and goal-directed action D. Insight, generating new experiences, and reflection correct answers C. Self-exploration, understanding, and goal-directed action The main goal of person-centered therapy is to assist people in becoming: A. Happier B. Disentangled C. More intimate with others D. More autonomous correct answers D. More autonomous Client-centered counselors focus on: A. Helping children interpret their dreams B. Helping children develop behavioral plans C. Helping children resolve their conflicts D. Helping children focus on who they can become correct answers D. Helping children focus on who they can become Which of the following is NOT a component of unconditional positive regard? A. Understanding B. Autonomy C. Valuing D. Acceptance correct answers B. Autonomy
According to person-centered counseling theory, who should direct the interview? A. Client B. Topic C. Counselor D. Both counselor, and client correct answers A. Client Empathy is: A. Clarifying B. Active listening C. Understanding the person D. Summarizing correct answers C. Understanding the person In the child-centered approach the counselor acts as a(n): A. Interpreter B. Mirror C. Assessor D. Reinforcer correct answers B. Mirror Putting into words the feeling tone of what the client has said is: A. Restatement B. Interpretation C. Reflection D. Clarification correct answers C. Reflection Which of the following is the most appropriate response to children's statements of problems? A. Praising the child B. Inviting the child to talk more C. Trying to get the children to see humor in this situation D. Sharing the best solution correct answers B. Inviting the child to talk more Perls believed that the most important areas of concern are: A. The person's thoughts and feelings in the present B. The person's goals for the future C. The person's past relationships D. The person's dreams correct answers A. The person's thoughts and feelings in the present Gestalt counseling is NOT recommended for which of these types of individuals? A. Constricted
D. Figure-ground that emerges and recedes smoothly correct answers D. Figure-ground that emerges and recedes smoothly Gestalt interventions are: A. Breakthrough mechanisms B. Rebirthing procedures C. Contracting outlines D. Cognitive restructuring exercises correct answers A. Breakthrough mechanisms Violet Oaklander explained that when children are anxious, they: A. Perform well in school B. Play too much C. Block their emotions D. Do not eat well correct answers C. Block their emotions According to Skinner, individuals choose behaviors based on which of the following? A. Thoughts B. Emotions C. Pleasure principle D. Anticipated consequences correct answers D. Anticipated consequences Behaviorists view people as: A. Good B. Evil C. Irresponsible D. Products of their environments correct answers D. Products of their environments Behavior analysis involves which of the following sequence of steps? A. Identify who is responsible, identify the person's irrational beliefs, substitute rational beliefs, & reeducate B. Identify the problem category, identify problem type, determine cause, & select a problem solution C. Identify who is responsible, why they are acting irresponsibly, punish responsibly, & punish again if necessary D. Identify why the problem exists, how long it has occurred, provide insight, reorient and reeducate correct answers B. Identify the problem category, identify problem type, determine cause, & select a problem solution Since all behavior is learned:
A. It can be unlearned B. People are irrational C. We are very smart D. School is very important correct answers A. It can be unlearned A counseling method that consists of giving points for certain behaviors is known as: A. Modeling B. Biofeedback C. Shaping D. Role playing correct answers C. Shaping According to the principles used in behavioral counseling, to change behavior you must: A. Identify reinforcing stimuli B. Interpret dreams C. Identify underlying needs D. Live in the here and now correct answers A. Identify reinforcing stimuli Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A. A seat belt buzzer stopping B. Free time when homework is complete C. A spanking after kicking the dog D. Attention after raising your hand correct answers A. A seat belt buzzer stopping Which of the following is true about punishment? A. Punishment promotes more effective behavior B. Punishment may be a permanent solution C. Punishment may produce undesirable effects D. Punishment may be instructive if it is not too harsh correct answers C. Punishment may produce undesirable effects According to behaviorist principles, adults can increase their capacity for modifying the behavior of children by: A. Catching them doing "good" behavior B. Ignoring bad behavior C. Listening carefully D. Avoiding snap judgments correct answers A. Catching them doing "good" behavior The primary focus of behavioral counseling is on teaching clients about: A. Becoming more comfortable with new behavior patterns
B. Exploit their behavior C. Rationalize their behavior D. Condemn their behavior correct answers C. Rationalize their behavior Choice theory practitioners teach their clients that they can: A. Control only their behavior B. Minimize their difficulties C. Advise their children better D. Learn to figure out their communication patterns correct answers A. Control only their behavior Reality therapists believe that: A. Counselors should limit their engagement with clients B. Responsibility belongs to the extended family C. Changing feelings will change behavior D. Changing behavior will change feelings correct answers D. Changing behavior will change feelings Glasser defines mental illness as: A. Psychosis B. Irrationality C. Insanity D. Irresponsibility correct answers D. Irresponsibility Solution focused practitioners believe that: A. Even when they are not doing well, people can control their strong emotions B. Even when they are not doing well, people can make behavioral contracts C. Even when they are not doing well, people have some pieces of solutions D. Even when they are not doing well, people are capable of rational thought correct answers C. Even when they are not doing well, people have some pieces of solutions Counselors who use solution-focused brief counseling believe that people: A. Will resist counselors' suggestions B. Are free to make responsible choices C. Must concentrate on present problems D. Need to focus on the causes of their problems correct answers B. Are free to make responsible choices Solution-focused brief counseling has a _________ orientation that takes precedence over a _________ orientation.
A. Past; future B. Past; present C. Future; present D. Present; past correct answers C. Future; present Solution-focused practitioners believe they should begin by: A. Finding out what the client is doing that works B. Listing all the stressors in the child's life C. Completing a family genogram D. Getting an academic history correct answers A. Finding out what the client is doing that works According to solution-focused brief counselors, small behavioral changes: A. Build momentum B. Cannot be evaluated well C. Do little to alter the problem situation D. Cause complacency correct answers A. Build momentum In solution-focused brief counseling, goals need to be: A. Stated in terms of what not to do B. Stated in terms of what others want C. Stated in terms that are positive D. Left open to interpretation correct answers C. Stated in terms that are positive Solution-focused brief counseling requires _______ structure than other approaches to counseling. A. Less B. Twice as much C. About the same D. More correct answers C. About the same In solution-focused brief counseling, counselors need to understand all of the following except: A. The client's expectations for counseling B. The problem C. The intensity of the emotions surrounding the problem D. The history of the problem correct answers D. The history of the problem Solution-focused brief counseling may be explained as:
A. Punishment B. Encouragement C. Negative reinforcers D. Blame correct answers B. Encouragement A good barometer to mental health according to Adler is: A. Early recollections B. Social interest C. Family birth order D. Natural consequences correct answers B. Social interest Three factors necessary for counseling according to Mosak and Mosak are: A. Faith, hope and love B. Faith, love and time C. Hope, love and time D. Faith, time and hope correct answers A. Faith, hope and love In Adlerian play therapy the ultimate goal is to: A. Track early recollections B. Reduce discouragement C. identify birth order D. Conduct family education classes correct answers B. Reduce discouragement In Adlerian counseling the counselor and child are considered: A. Equal partners B. Teacher - Student C. Protagonists D. Conflictual correct answers A. Equal partners A counseling strategy that allows children to experience the results of their behavior is: A. Isolation techniques B. Lifestyle analysis C. Logical consequences D. Contingency contracting correct answers C. Logical consequences What are the four disciplines that come from the process of career development theories? correct answers A. Differential Psychology- Interested in work and occupations B. Personality- View individuals as an organizer of their own experiences
C. Sociology- Focus on occupational mobility D. Developmental Psychology- Concerned with the "life course" Career Development Theories for the past 75 years fall into four categories. What are they? correct answers A. Trait Factor - Matching personal traits to occupations-Frank Parson's (1920's) B. Psychological- Personality types matching work environment- Holland (1980's) C. Decision- Situational or Sociological- Bandura ( Self Efficacy-1970's) D. Developmental- Self Concept over life span-Super (1950's) Describe Holland Theory: correct answers This approach gives explicit attention to behavioral style or personality types as the major influence in career choice development. This is described as structurally interactive What are the common themes of Holland Theory? correct answers - Occupation choice is an expression of personality and not random
- Members of an occupational group have similar personalities
- People in each group will respond to situations and problems similarly
- Occupational achievement, stability and satisfaction depends on congruence between one's personality and job environment What are the 6 Holland types? correct answers 1. Realistic
- Investigative
- Artistic
- Social
- Enterprising
- Conventional Describe the Realistic type of Holland's Types: correct answers A. Realistic- Work with hands, machines, tools, active, practical, adventurous B. High Traits- Practical, masculine, stable C. Low Traits- Sensitive, feminine, stable D. Occupations- Construction, farming, architecture, truck driving, mail carrier Describe the Investigative type of Holland's Types: correct answers A. Investigative- Thought, analytical approaches, explore, knowledge, ideas, not social
