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CECE Research and Program Evaluation || A+ Certified.
The most valuable type of research is A. always conducted using a factor analysis B. conducted using the chi-square C. the experiment, used to discover cause-and effect relationships D. the quasi-experiment correct answers C Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means A. interpreting the results in the simplest way B. interpreting the results in the most complex manner C. interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient D. interpreting the results using a clinical interview correct answers A Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters A. interpret the results in the simplest manner B. interpret the results in the most complex manner C. interpret the results using a correlation coefficient D. interpret the results using a clinical interview correct answers A A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment A. a parsimonious B. is an example of Occam's Razor C. is confounded/flawed D. is valid and will most likely helped the field of counseling correct answers C
Non-directive is to person-centered as A. psychological testing is to counseling B. confounding is to experimenting C. appraisal is to research D. parsimony is to Occam's Razor correct answers D An experiment is said to be confounded when A. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment B. undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment C. basic research is used to in place of applied research D. the sample is random correct answers A In experimental terminology IV stands for_____ and DV stands for_____. A. independent variable; dependent variable B. dependent variable; independent variable C. individual variable; dependent variable D. independent variable; designer variable correct answers A A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the ____ and the DV will be the _____. A. professor; anxiety level B. anxiety level; board exam score C. biofeedback; board exam score D. board exam score; biofeedback correct answers C Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the
A. all students receiving biofeedback training would score equally well on the board exam B. systematic desensitization might work better than biofeedback C. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores D. meta-analysis is required correct answers C A hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group (i.e. the group receiving the IV). Thus if the experiment in question 8 were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that A. the biofeedback would raise board scores B. the control group will score better on the board exam C. there will be no difference between the experimental and the control groups D. the experimental has been confounded correct answers A From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need A. a correlation coefficient B. only descriptive statistics C. percentile rank D. a test of significance correct answers D When you see the letter P in relation to a test significance it means A. portion B. population parameter C. probability D. the researcher is using an ethnographic qualitative approach correct answers C In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually A. .05 or less
B. 1.0 or higher C. .0001 or less D. .05 or higher correct answers A P= .05 really means that A. five subjects were not included in the study B. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors C. the level of significance is. D. no level of significance has been set correct answers B P= .05 really means that A. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 B. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 99 times out of 100 C. there is a 95% error factor D. there is 10% error factor correct answers A The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P= A.. B.. C.. D. .08 correct answers C Type I and Type II errors are called ____ and ____ respectively. A. beta; alpha B. .01;. C. A and B
If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001 then A. alpha and beta errors will increase B. alpha errors increase but beta errors decrease C. alpha errors decrease; however beta errors increase D. this will have no impact on Type I and Type II errors correct answers C A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize A. the student's t test B. a correlation coefficient C. a survey D. an analysis of variance (ANOVA) correct answers A The researcher in question 27 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would be the A. mean B. t test C. two-way ANOVA D. ANOVA correct answers D If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be A. median B. t test C. two-way ANOVA or MANOVA D. ANOVA correct answers C
To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult A. the mode B. a table for t values C. a table for F values D. the chi-square correct answers C Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors? A.. B.. C. D. .001 correct answers D When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal A. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder B. the probability that a significant difference exists C. an F test D. percentile rank correct answers A If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be A. positive B. negative C. 0. D. impossible to ascertain correct answers A Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?
In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a A. double-blind study B. single- blind study C. baseline for an intensive N= w design D. participant observer model correct answers B A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a A. double-blind study B. single-blind study C. typical AB design D. case of correlational research correct answers A Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to A. blind study B. double-blind study C. N= 1 design D. degree of relationship correct answers D In a normal curve the mean, the median and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint and the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician KF Gauss) looks like A. a symmetrical bell B. the top half of a bowling ball C. the top half of a hot dog
D. a mountain which is leaning toward the left correct answers A The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median and the mode. The mode is A. the most frequently occurring score and the least-important measure of central tendency B. always 10% less than the mean C. the arithmetic average D. the middle score in the distribution of scores correct answers A A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e. most frequently occurring scores). Graphically, this looks roughly like A. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve B. a camel's back with two humps C. the top half of a bowling ball d. a mountain which is leaning toward the left correct answers B In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the A. mean B. median C. mode D. range correct answers C The most useful measure of central tendency is the A. mean, often abbreviated by an Z with a bar over it B. media, often abbreviated by Md. or Mdn. C. mode, often abbreviated by Mo D. point of maximum concentration correct answers A
A. Pearson Product-Moment r B. Spearman rank order rho C. factorial D. Solomon four-group correct answers C Regardless of the shape, the ____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically A. degrees of freedom (df) B. mean C. median D. mode correct answers D A group of first-semester graduate students in counseling took an experimental counseling exam was much more difficult than the NCE. All of the students scored very low. A distribution of their scores would A. always be bimodal distribution B. be positively skewed C. be negatively skewed D. produce a curve with a long tail to the left side of the graph correct answers B Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. The distribution of scores would most likely be A. a bell-shaped curve B. positively skewed C. negatively skewed D. indicative that more information would be necessary correct answers C Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by
which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that A. he is roughly a B student B. he answered 82% correctly C. his percentile rank is 82 D. more information is obviously necessary correct answers D A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called as A. histogram B. sociogram C. genogram D. genus correct answers A When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as A. mesokurtic B. the y axis C. the ordinate D. the x axis correct answers D The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis could be called the ____ on your exam A. y axis B. abcissa C. DV D. vertical axis correct answers B The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The y axis could also be called the ____ on your exam. A. ordinate
C. a correlation coefficient D. the John Henry effect correct answers C A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistcian would expect that the range of scores on a test would be A. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class B. smaller in the afternoon class C. impossible to speculate about without more data D. nearly the same same in either class correct answers A The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then A. the average score on the test would be 122 B. 95% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115 C. 99% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115 D. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115 correct answers D Using the data in question 64 one could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within A. + or -1 SD of the mean B. the average IQ range C. an IQ score which is more that 2 SD above the mean D. + or -2 of the mean correct answers D The standard deviation (SD) is the square root of the variance. A z-score of +1 would be the same as A. 1 SD above the mean
B. 1 SD below the mean C. the same as a so-called t-score D. the median score if the population is normal correct answers A Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2. means A. 2.5 SD below the mean B. 2.5 SD above the mean C. a CEEB score of 500 D. -.5% of the population falls within this area of the curve correct answers A A t-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the SD. A t-score, however has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a SD above or below the mean. Thus a t-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a t-score of 400 would be A. -2 SD B. -1 SD C. a z-score of + D. a z-score of +1 correct answers B An IQ score on the IQ test which was 3 SD above the mean would be A. about average B. slightly below the norm for adults C. approx. 110 D. very superior correct answers D A platykurtic distribution would look approx. like A. the upper half of a bowling ball B. the normal distribution
B. an IQ score of 111 C. the weight of an Olympic barbell set D. a temperature of 78 degrees Farenheit correct answers A The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. An example of this would be that A. an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70 B. a 20 lb weight is half as heavy as a 40 lb weight C. a first place runner is three times faster as the third place finisher D. a baseball player with number 9 on his uniform can get 9 times more hits than player number 1 correct answers A A ratio scale is an interval scale with a. true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research A. the ration scale is the most practical B. all true studies utilize the ratio scale C. A and B D. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale correct answers D Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior. In this approach A. the researcher manipulates the IV B. the researcher manipulates the IV and the DV C. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables D. the researcher will rely on 2X3 factorial design correct answers C The simplest form of descriptive research is _____ which requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of ____ to be accurate.
A. survey; 5% B. survey; 1025% C. survey; 50-75% D. survey; 95% correct answers C A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pull and the individual's depression begins to lift. This is known as A. the Hawthorn effect B. the Halo effect C. the placebo effect D. the learned helplessness syndrome correct answers C A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be A. the Hawthorne effect B. the Halo effect C. the Rosenthal effect D. a Type II error in the research correct answers A An elementary school counselor tells the third grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel! This would be best explained via A. the Hawthorne effect B. the Halo effect C. the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect D. observer bias correct answers C
