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Patho Exam #1 with best questions and answers 100% solved
1. Functions
- Movement -Metabolic absorption
- Reproduction
- Secretions
- Excretions
- Respiration
-Communication: Cellular
2.Plasma Membrane, cytoplasm and intracellular organelles are the three general components
of what?: Eukaryotic cells
3.The following describes which part of the cell?
-Structure includes the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, DNA & histone proteins
-Function: Cell division and control of genetic information: Nucleus
4.The following describes which part of the cell?
A part of the cell that holds a liquid termed cytosol, and a non-liquid fraction composed of enzymes,
metabolites (carbs, lipids & proteins), ions, nucleic acids and proteins.: Cytoplasm
5.The following describes which part of the cell? Filaments anchored to cell
membrane and organelles that:
2 / 52 -Provide mechanical strength and anchor cellular -Plays a major role in motility
-Helps w/ intracelluar trafficking: Cytoskeleton
6.Microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments are three major types of filaments of what?:
Polymerized monomers
7.At the end of the each stage of the metabolic process, what is generated?-
: Energy
8.The following describes which part of the cell? A complex of proteins and rRNA that binds to mRNAs in the cytoplasma and translates codons into amino acid polypeptide by tRNA pairings with the mRNA, in a process that
is extremely energetically expensive.: Ribosomes
9.The following describes which part of the cell? A network of tubular or saclike channels surrounding and often attached to the nucleus. The "rough" portion has ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic surface and is a major site for protein synthesis and folding. However, the "smooth" is typically further from the nucleus and is most known as the
sorting center.: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
10.The following describes which part of the cell function? Polypeptide chain of amino acids form into functional proteins based on: -Hydrogen bonding
4 / 52 resident lysosome enzymes. Their job is to digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and
engulfed viruses or bacteria.: Lysosomes
14.The following describes which part of the cell? Numerous, self-replicating (but DNA-lacking) organelle with lipid bilayer that have different primary functions depending on the resident cell type. Most critical functions:
- Break down of fatty acid - Initiate formation of specialized phospholipids for nerve cell myelination - Detox of reactive oxygen species: Peroxisomes 15.The following describes which part of the cell? An organelle that have their own DNA and is only inherited from the mother. It is a double membrane organelle that generates ATP. This organelle also plays a key role in:
- Apoptosis -Production of reactive oxygen species
5 / 52 -Heme synthesis
-Steroid synthesis: Mitochondria
16.Storage and transfer of energy is the role of what?: ATP 17.The following describes which part of the cell? Composed of lipids, glycolipids, protein, glycoproteins and cholesterol. Basic functions include: -Control the composition of the space or compartment they enclose. -Encloses the cell -Provide the selective transport system -Provide cell-to-cell recognition -Display of receptors that make cell response to environment
-Provide cellular mobility and shape: Plasma membrane
18.True or False: Large uncharged polar molecules, such as, glucose and sucrose and ions such as Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+ and
Cl- need pumps to enter plasma membrane.: - True
19.True or False: Hydrophobic molecules, such as, O2, CO2, N2 and steroids and small un- charged polar molecules H20,
glycerol, urea and ethanol need pumps to enter plasma membrane.: False
20.The following describes which part of the cell? Polymers of sugar (monosacarides) that have many different structures that have many places they
7 / 52 27.Which form of cellular communication is this? Neuron
transmits to target cell.: Neurotransmitter
28.What is a primary receptor that binds to the receptor, and is often a secreted protein?:
Ligand
29.What binds specifically with the receptor proteins that translates the extra- cellular signal into the cell, allowing for translation of signal occurring through conformational change of receptor
induced by ligands?: Secreted proteins
30.What determines -Which ligand or stimuli a cell can be affected by -How the cell will perceive the binding
-If/how the cell will respond: Membrane receptor proteins
31.Which type of messenger helps to amplify and spread the signal from the ligand-receptor
(cAMP, calcium, ect) to "downstream" targets within the cell?: Secondary
32.Which type of secondary messenger is responsible for the opening of channels selectively permeable to different ions on cells in response to a ligand causing a change in the electrical potential over large swathes of the cytoplasm, also effecting others of their kind and proteins?:
Ions
33.Which secondary messenger is a protein receptor activated by binding with ligand releasing a
8 / 52 sub-unit that then binds with an integral membrane enzyme- adenylyl cyclase, which generates the messenger from ATP, which invades the plasma membrane and affects the activity of many
other pro- teins?: cAMP
34.Which secondary messenger is made when a primary messenger binds to a receptor, which locally raises GTP concentration, activating an enzyme called phospholipase C (PLC). PLC cuts phospholipids in the membrane into the messenger, allowing for the activity of a bunch of other
intracellular proteins?: IP3/DAG
35.What binds to calcium channels on organelles, releasing calcium, causing an increase in binding
to calcium sensitive proteins, inducing activity?: IP
36.Which secondary messenger is generated by adenylyl cyclase from ATP?-
: cAMP
37.Which secondary messenger is generated by guanylate cyclase from GTP?: cGMP 38.Which secondary messenger is generated by phospholipase C from mem- brane
phospholipids?: Inositol triphosphate
39.Which secondary messenger is generated by voltage-sensitive channels from the endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria, and extracellular space?: Cal- cium
10 / 52 synaptic neuron
2. Calcium rushes into cell, activating signaling cascade. 3. Secondary messenger induces sodium & other calcium channels to open 4. Rise of + ions in cytoplasm locally hits the threshold potential 5. Voltage sensitive sodium channels open, causing depolarization as sodium rushes into the cell 6. Depolarization causing neighboring voltage sensitive sodium channels to open, propagating the action potential 7. Repolarization occurs as voltage sensitive potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell 8. Sodium and potassium pumps restore resting potential.: Typical Action Po- tential 51.Which phase of the cell cycle decides if the cell want to divide and/or has what it needs to
divide?: G1/S checkpoint
11 / 52 52.Which phase of the cell cycle has each of the chromosomes duplicate?: S phase 53.Which phase of the cell cycle double checks for errors?: G2 phase 54.Which phase of the cell checks for DNA damage and DNA replication completeness?:
G2/M checkpoint
55.Which phase is when mitosis occurs?: M phase 56.Which phase checks for chromosome attachment to spindles and arrests cycle?: Spindle
Assessment Checkpoint
57.Which phase of the cell cycle prepares for division by duplicating cellular contents, except for
chromosomes?: G1 phase
58.Mitosis or Meiosis?
- Creation of gametes - 2 rounds of division - Gametes are haploid: Meiosis 59.Mitosis or Meiosis? - Cell Replication - 1 round of division - Daughter cells are genetically equivalent to the parent cell: Mitosis 60.Which would generate a faster cell response, a secondary messenger created by an enzyme
13 / 52 66.What kind of tissue is described below? Structure: few cells surrounded by matrix. -"Ground substance": Gelatinous goo -Fibers within ground substance -Collagenous (white), elastic (yellow), and reticular -Loose and dense connective tissue Examples -Cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, and organs Functions
-Framework for forming organs, binding, supporting, and storing excess nu- trients: Connective
Tissue
67.What kind of tissue is described below? Structure -Composed of myocytes Examples
- Smooth
- Skeletal -Cardiac Functions
-Contractile tissue, enabling both voluntary and involuntary movement: Mus- cle Tissue
68.The following are common causes of what? -Lack of oxygen (hypoxia) -Free radicals -Caustic or toxic chemicals
14 / 52 -Infectious agents -Inflammatory and immune responses -Genetic factors -Insufficient nutrients
-Physical trauma from many causes: Cellular Injury
69.Depletion of ATP from cell swelling and decrease protein synthesis, oxy- gen depletion from ischemia and reactive oxygen species, calcium homeosta- sis from caspases and questionable
membrane permeability due to more riff raff being let in are common results of?: Cellular injury
70.Incomplete reduction of what generates free radicals, also to as reactive oxygen species
(ROS)?: Oxygen
71.What occurs when you lose electrons?: Oxidation 72.When you gain electrons what occurs?: Reduction
16 / 52 -Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) These are all ROS and endogenous antioxidant systems that scavenge for?: -
Free radicals
80.Burst of oxygen and nutrients from reperfusion after ischemia/anoxia causes oxidative
damage and inflammation.: Reperfusion injury
81.-Ischemia -Anoxia (Total depletion of O2 in the environment) -Decrease in ATP causing failure of the Na+/K+ pump and sodium/calcium exchange -Cellular swelling -Reprofusion injury
Can all result from?: Hypoxic injury
82.Decrease in cell size: Atrophy 83.Increase in cell size by increase work demand or hormones. (Eg. Enlarged heart or kidney):
Hypertrophy
84.Increase in the cell number for compensation or hormonal response.: Hy- perplasia
17 / 52 85.Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated cell
type: Metaplasia
86.Refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells.: Dysplasia 87.ROS is generated by incomplete reduction of?: 02 88.-Nitric oxide (NO) -Peroxynitrite (ONOO) -Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Are examples of?: RNS Species
89.Free radicals are species of?: ROS 90.What do cells use to deal with ROS?: Antioxidant systems 91.Necrosis or Apoptosis? The cell bursts and cytoplasm leaks out causing inflammation. -ATP depletion -Cell swelling -Cell membrane rupture -DNA fragmentation is random -Cell lysis -Released cell contents cause inflammation
-Invariably is a pathologic process: Necrosis
19 / 52 Prolonged elevation in cytoplasmic calcium levels is a common feature for all triggers. (Hense why
cytoplasm has decreased Ca++ levels.): Apoptosis
95.This protein continuously produced and continuously degraded by MDM2. Stress triggers it and MDM2 phosphorylation, reducing the ability of these two proteins to interact, so it accumulates! Then, it forms a tetramer & is free now to act as transcription factor and interact with other proteins. Next, it translocates to nucleus and alters transcription to promote cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Finally, it also translocates to mito- chondria, inducing caspase activation.
Which protein is it?: p
96.Primary initiated by a loss of cell membrane integrity causing an uncon- trolled release of
products of cell death into the extracellular space.: Necrosis
97.This form of necrosis is typically caused by hypoxia denaturing structural proteins and albumin, and is common in kindneys, heart and adrenal gland?-
: Coagulative necrosis
98.Which type of necrosis where ischemia is the primary cause (ischemic in- jury), and where affected cells are completely digested by hydrolytic enzymes creating pus and fluid, while walling off
into cysts?: Liquefaction necrosis
99.Which form of necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefaction that is cheese looking
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substance that's walled off, and is commonly found in the lungs and lymph nodes?: Caseous
Necrosis
- Which type of necrosis where ischemia is the primary cause (ischemic in- jury), and where affected cells are completely digested by hydrolytic enzymes creating pus and fluid, while
walling off into cysts but only happens in the fat of the body?: Fat necrosis
- Which form of gangrene is a form of coagulation necrosis in ischemic tissue and is
devoid of viable microorganisms?: Dry gangrene
- Which form of gangrene has septicemia as a major risk factor and is an area full of
stagnant blood or body fluid that is full of microorganisms?: Wet gangrene
- Which form of gangrene is usually caused by an infection of gas-emitting bacteria deeper
in the tissue and is most common in the muscle (myonecro- sis)?: Gas gangrene
- What process is being described below? The formation of excessive and/or non-native fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process. -Mostly made of ECM
