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BIOD 151 Module 1 BEST STUDYING
MATERIAL WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
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100+ QUESTIONS
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
- ANSWER The rough ER takes the proteins from the ribosomes on its surface and modifies and transports them. What is the function of RNA?
- ANSWER RNA transports the coded amino acid sequence to the ribosomes from the nucleus for protein synthesis. What is the function of endospores?
- ANSWER An endospore is a dormant and very durable cell formed from bacteria. What is the function of the Golgi complex?
- ANSWER The Golgi complex receives lipids and proteins from the ER, alters the structures of them, and then ships them to other parts in the cell. It also produces lysosomes. What is the function of a lysosome?
- ANSWER A lysosome is made up of digestive enzymes that break down biomacromolecules. What is the function of mitochondria?
- ANSWER The mitochondria converts energy from food into ATP. What is the function of the plasma membrane?
- ANSWER The plasma membrane contains gates and pumps that regulate what goes into and out of cells. What are microtubules?
- ANSWER Microtubules are hollow tubes that help move chromosomes during cell division. What are microfilaments?
- ANSWER Microfilaments are solid fibers that create movement. What is the function of the extracellular matrix?
- ANSWER The extracellular matrix contains collagen. Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production – ANSWER ATP provides energy to cells. Aerobic respiration is the process in which oxygen is used to break down food and convert the chemical energy in it into ATP. Explain what happens in Tay-Sachs disease.
- ANSWER When lysosomes lack one of the digestive enzymes that normally breaks down a toxic lipid in the brain, the lipid builds up and can lead to intellectual disability and death. eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells
- ANSWER The three main differences are the size (prokaryotes are smaller), the presence of a nucleus (not present in prokaryotes), and the presence of membrane-bound organelles (not present in prokaryotes). Membranes
- ANSWER The structure is a phospholipid bi-layer where proteins can be partially or completely embedded. The proteins can change positions and move around within the membrane, thus it's "fluid"
- ANSWER In facilitated diffusion and active transport, carrier proteins are used to move lipid- insoluble molecules to the other side of the membrane. isotonic
- ANSWER same concentration of solutes inside as outside the cell Hypertonic
- ANSWER higher concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell blood cells will shrivel in the process of equalizing hypotonic
- ANSWER lower concentration of solutes inside the cell that outside the cell blood cells will swell in the process of equalizing There are six levels of organization in the body - what are they?
- ANSWER 1) chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ structure
- organ system
- organism The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system? – ANSWER The integumentary system The function of movement is provided by what system?
- ANSWER The muscular system
The function of responsiveness is provided by what system?
- ANSWER The nervous system The function of digestion is provided by what system?
- ANSWER The digestive system What is anabolism?
- ANSWER When more complex structures are synthesized from simpler ones. What is catabolism?
- ANSWER When more complex structures are broken down into simpler ones. Excretion involves what systems?
- ANSWER The respiratory system, the digestive system, and the urinary system. The reproductive system is controlled by what other system?
- ANSWER The endocrine system. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body?
- ANSWER The epithelial tissue. Name the three steps in cellular respiration.
- citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction?
- ANSWER Superior Toward or at the front of the body is what direction? - ANSWER Anterior/Ventral Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? - ANSWER Distal Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? - ANSWER Proximal Toward or at the back of the body is what direction? - ANSWER Posterior/Dorsal Closing of a joint is which action? - ANSWER Flexion Opening of a joint is which action? - ANSWER Extension In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination? - ANSWER Supination Why are the hands palm forward in anatomical position? - ANSWER In supination the forearm bones (the radius and ulna) are uncrossed. Define elevation - ANSWER upward movement of a structure Define depression in anatomy - ANSWER downward movement of a structure Define retraction - ANSWER the movement of a structure in the posterior direction Define protraction - ANSWER the movement of a structure in the anterior direction
A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally toward the radius - what is this action called? - ANSWER Radial deviation This body division includes the head, neck, and trunk. - ANSWER axial division This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. - ANSWER sagittal plane These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. - ANSWER frontal planes A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts. - ANSWER superior and inferior These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. - ANSWER oblique This body cavity protects the nervous system. - ANSWER dorsal body cavity This body cavity encases the brain. - ANSWER cranial This cavity encloses the spinal cord. - ANSWER spinal The frontal plane is also known as what plane? - ANSWER coronal The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities. - ANSWER thoracic and abdominopelvic This cavity encloses the heart. - ANSWER pericardial
What are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - ANSWER 1) Prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear membrane whereas eukaryotic cells do
- prokaryotic cells are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells
- prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles that are found in eukaryotic cells. What is the function of the nucleus? - ANSWER The nucleus stores DNA and is the control center of the cell. What is the function of ribosomes? - ANSWER Ribosomes synthesize proteins. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? - ANSWER synthesizes lipids cholesterol - ANSWER Cholesterol is a lipid that is very hydrophobic and has one polar hydroxyl group. It joins with phopholipids and mixes in with the tails to prevent solidification during low temperatures. It also stabilizes the phospholipd head with the hydroxyl group by restricting movement in higher temperatures. integumentary system - ANSWER - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
- system provides vitamin D
- contains pain/pleasure receptors and sweat/oil glands skeletal system - ANSWER - framework for muscular system
- supports and protects organs, houses blood cells, stores minerals muscular system - ANSWER - allows for movement
- muscles contract and relax in coordination nervous system - ANSWER - communication between cells in the body
- uses electrical impulses
digestive system - ANSWER - breaks down food into molecules endocrine system - ANSWER - made up of glands that produce hormones metabolism - ANSWER All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism catabolism - ANSWER breaking down of molecules, releasing energy. anabolism - ANSWER construction of molecules, requiring energy. cardiovascular system - ANSWER - contains blood vessels that move blood, oxygen, and nutrients through the body lymphatic system - ANSWER - immunity
- part of circulatory system
- network of vessels and nodes respiratory system - ANSWER - rids of CO
- keeps blood supplied with oxygen urinary system - ANSWER - rids of waste from body
- regulates blood's water and electrolyte balance male and female reproductive system - ANSWER - creates offspring
- controlled by hormones from endocrine system
proximal - ANSWER Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk distal - ANSWER farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk superficial - ANSWER near the surface deep - ANSWER away from the surface flexion - ANSWER Bending a body part extension - ANSWER Straightening a body part abduction - ANSWER movement away from the midline adduction - ANSWER movement toward the midline dorsiflexion - ANSWER bending of the foot or the toes upward plantarflexion - ANSWER Ankle movement pointing the foot downward radial deviation - ANSWER Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side ulnar deviation - ANSWER Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side pronation - ANSWER turning the palm downward
supination - ANSWER turning the palm upward elevation - ANSWER raising a body part depression - ANSWER lowering a body part retraction - ANSWER moving a part backward protraction - ANSWER Moving a part forward axial region - ANSWER includes the head, neck, and trunk appendicular region - ANSWER upper and lower limbs sagittal plane - ANSWER divides body into left and right frontal plane - ANSWER Divides the body into front and back portions. transverse plane - ANSWER horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions dorsal cavity - ANSWER - includes the cranial and spinal cavities
- protects nervous system organs cranial cavity - ANSWER contains the brain spinal cavity - ANSWER located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
right/left hypogastric (iliac) region - ANSWER lateral to hypogastric right/left lumbar region - ANSWER lateral to the umbilical region right/left hypochondriac region - ANSWER lateral to the epigastric region cell theory - ANSWER idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells organelle - ANSWER parts within a cell plasma membrane - ANSWER A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells why cells stay small - ANSWER - bigger surface area allows it to be easier for things to pass in and out
- metabolic processes can work faster prokaryotic cell - ANSWER A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane- enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. eukaryotic cell - ANSWER A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane- enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals. membranes - ANSWER - form compartments within organelles
- form surface for enzymes to congregate
nucleus - ANSWER A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction chromosomes - ANSWER - threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
- organized DNA within a cell genes - ANSWER DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission mRNA - ANSWER messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome rRNA - ANSWER ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome ribosomes - ANSWER - assembles amino acids to create proteins
- located on the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. rough ER - ANSWER That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. smooth ER - ANSWER - That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that produces lipids
- cholesterol is formed here cytoplasm - ANSWER A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended golgi complex - ANSWER a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell
cell coat - ANSWER Also called the glycocalyx, the carbohydrate-rich zone on the surface of animal cells that shields the cell from mechanical and physical damage. extracellular matrix - ANSWER The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides. cell wall - ANSWER - A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
- made of cellulose fibers gram positive bacteria - ANSWER Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, and no outer membrane. They stain very darkly (purple) in Gram stain. gram negative bacteria - ANSWER type of bacteria that stain red with Gram stain and have a thin cell wall with an outer membrane penicillin - ANSWER weakens bacteria cell walls fluid mosaic model - ANSWER model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane amphipathic phospholipids - ANSWER arrange in a bilayer with hydrophobic tails oriented inward cholesterol - ANSWER a steroid lipid that stabilizes against temperature integral proteins - ANSWER penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer peripheral proteins - ANSWER The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
selectively permeable - ANSWER a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot diffusion - ANSWER Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. concentration gradient - ANSWER difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another osmosis - ANSWER diffusion of water isotonic - ANSWER when the concentration of two solutions is the same hypertonic - ANSWER solution contains more solute particles than the cell (cell loses water and shrinks) hypotonic - ANSWER solution contains less solute particles than the cell (cell gains water and swells/bursts) facilitated diffusion - ANSWER Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels active transport - ANSWER Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference carrier proteins - ANSWER bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane
