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LSU Biol 1201 Exam 1 (gregg) questions and
answers complete course requirement
plasma membrane - The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition. Ribosomes - complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus - active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products Lysosome - digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed, and autophagy Mitachondrion - organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated Cytoskeleton - reinforces cell's shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of protein. Includes: Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules. Endoplasmic Reticulum - network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome-studded) and smooth regions Rough ER - protein synthesis Smooth ER - lipid synthesis calcium ion storage poison detoxification Nucleolus - nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli
Chromatin - material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes cell wall - outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein Chloroplast - photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules central vacuole - prominent organelle in older plant cells; storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole major mechanism of plant growth. Part complete The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons. - 2 Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom? - The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in? - the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms? - covalent A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. - molecule This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s) - 4 A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms. - double covalent Part complete What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons? - 6 Part complete
Which molecules show an appropriate number of bonds around each carbon atom? - alcohol - is polar and makes compounds more soluble in water (O-H) carboxylic acid - acts as an acid may be a structural isomer of a ketone - aldehyde (C=O) forms disulfide bonds - thiol (S-H) amine - acts as a base organic phosphate - contributes negative charge L-dopa is used to treat _____. - Parkinson's disease What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease? - none structural isomers - differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) - differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond enantiomers - isomers that are mirror images of each other Glycogen - a polysaccharide found in animals glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. - maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis dehydration synthesis - Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule. Hydrolysis - Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water Maltose - the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis
Which of these is a source of lactose? - lactose is the sugar found in MILK Which of these is a polysaccharide? - cellulose _____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. - cellulose Glucose - A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. Starch - Storage polysaccharide of plants. Sucrose - glucose + fructose Cellulose - polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant- cell walls What is another name for a condensation reaction? - dehydration Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _______ monomers. - simple sugar Protein polymers are made up of ________ monomers. - amino acid Nucleic acid polymers are made up of ________ monomers - nucleotide Part complete Which of these is NOT a lipid?
- phospholipid
- RNA
- cholesterol - RNA (nucleic acid) saturated fat - A lipid made from fatty acids that have NO DOUBLE bonds between carbon atoms unsaturated fat - A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases. - hydrogen bonds A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____. - phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar plant cell only - chloroplast, cellulose cell wall, central vacuole animal cell only - centriole Both animal and plant cells - mitochondrion Golgi apparatus nucleus endoplasmic reticulum cytoskeleton plasma membrane Prokaryotic only - nucleoid eukaryotic only - lysosome, mitochondria, nucleolus eukaryotic and prokaryotic - plasma membrane flagella ribosomes prokaryotic cell - cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells - Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes. In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are _______ - microtubules Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by ____________ which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins. - intermediate filaments
Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into ________ - microtubules. The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of _________ - microfilaments. The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the ___________ - intermediate filaments. During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of ____________ - microfilaments. Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes? - ER protein, insulin, lysosomal enzyme the path a secretory protein follows from synthesis to secretion - protein synthesis, endoplasmic reticulum, cis golgi, medial golgi, trans golgi, plasma membrane, extracellular space phagocytosis - A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells (lysosomes) in osmosis, water molecules move towards... - higher solute concentration hypertonic solution - A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution hypotonic solution - Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water isotonic solution - a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell Crenation - shrinking of red blood cells hemolysis - the rupture or destruction of red blood cells.
electronegativity values - x < 0.5 = non polar bond 0.5 < x < 1.6 = polar covalent x > 1.6 = ionic bond Protons = ______ - atomic mass Neutrons = _______ - _________ - mass number - atomic number electron = ___ - ___ - atomic number - charge methyl group - CH phosphate group (organic phosphate) - sulfhydryl group (thiol) - - SH amino group (amine) - NH carboxyl group - Carboxylic acid or organic acid carbonyl group - Ketone and Aldehyde hydroxyl group - OH- (alcohol) Lipid - Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
