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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1
EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH THE
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anatomy - Correct Answer-study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome which means to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of organism studying the relationships among parts of the body and the structure of individual organs physiology - Correct Answer-the study of function of the body parts; physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances as well as how their functions are altered with medication or disease branches of anatomy - Correct Answer-microscopic- structures that cannot be observed to the unaided eye (cytology- study of body cells and their internal structure; histology- study of tissues) gross anatomy- structures that can be observed to the unaided eye,; macroscopic (systemic anatomy- anatomy of each body system; regional anatomy- examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit) embryology - Correct Answer-discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth comparative A&P - Correct Answer-examines similarities and differences of anatomy and physiology of different species pathophysiology - Correct Answer-relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system
basic qualities of life - Correct Answer-organization- each organism has a complex structure and order metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body; anabolism (smaller molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules are broken down to smaller) growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its environment and often grows and develops responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment organization of the human body - Correct Answer-chemical level- consists of atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from chemical level tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work together for specific, complex functions organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function anterior - Correct Answer-in front of posterior - Correct Answer-in back of dorsal - Correct Answer-on the backside of the human body ventral - Correct Answer-on the belly side of the human body superior - Correct Answer-closer to the head inferior - Correct Answer-closer to the feet deep - Correct Answer-on the inside
major elements of the human body - Correct Answer-Oxygen (65%), Carbon(18), Hydrogen (10), Nitrogen (3), Calcium, Phosphorous, cation - Correct Answer-positively charged ion anion - Correct Answer-negatively charged ion electrolyte - Correct Answer-substances that both dissolve and dissociate in water that create electric currents organic molecules - Correct Answer-molecules that contain carbon lipids - Correct Answer-type of organic molecule made up of fatty acids and steroids; water insoluble triglycerides- (H2CO)3 (3 glycerol and fatty acid chains (H2C)n ) phospholipids- phosphate, various organic molecules, glycerol, and fatty acids steroids- like cholesterol, 4 hydrocarbon rings eicosanoids- 20 carbons, arachidonic acid carbohydrate - Correct Answer-hydrated carbon--nearly every carbon is attached to a water molecule monosaccharides - Correct Answer-carbohydrate simple sugars with between 3 and 7 carbon atoms, ex: glucose C6H12O6, galactose, fructose, ribose and deoxyribose (5 carbon sugars) disaccharides - Correct Answer-carbohydrates made with two monosaccharides (sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar) trisaccharide - Correct Answer-carbohydrates made of three or more monosaccharides (glycon in humans, and starch and cellulose in animals) sucrose - Correct Answer-made up of glucose and fructose
maltose - Correct Answer-glucose and glucose lactose - Correct Answer-galactose and glucose nucleic acids - Correct Answer-macromolecules that store or transfer genetic and hereditary information in cells; ex) RNA and DNA, both made up of nucleotide monomers, bonded together covalently in phosphodiester bonds nucleotides - Correct Answer-made up of phosphate group (attached to carbon 3), 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base (attached to carbon
pyrimidines - Correct Answer-single ring nitrogenous base: cytosine, uracil, thymine purines - Correct Answer-double ring nitrogenous base: adenine, guanine C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6 CO2 +6H2O - Correct Answer-equation for respiration, CO2 is exhaled, H2O mostly used in the body proteins - Correct Answer-polymers that are made of amino acid monomers with an amine and carboxylic acid functional group, amino acids bond together with peptide bonds (dehydration reaction OH- from carboxylic acid, H from amine group glycoproteins - Correct Answer-proteins with a carbohydrate attached primary structure - Correct Answer-linear sequence of amino acids in a protein secondary structure - Correct Answer-shows beta pleated sheets and alpha helices tertiary structure - Correct Answer-3d shape, globular or fibrous protein
facilitated diffusion - Correct Answer-assists small solutes that are charge or polar into the cell past the phospholipid bilayer; occurs through channel mediated diffusion- water filled protein channels; carrier diffusion- assisted by carrier proteins osmosis - Correct Answer-the passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane; occurs to even out concentrations in and out of cell active transport - Correct Answer-opposes the movement of solutes by diffusion and prevents the distribution of dissolved substances from reaching equilibrium; moves a substance against a concentration gradient Ex) sodium potassium pump- ion pump concentration gradients- moves Na+ continuously out the cell and K+ into the cell; must expend ATP to do this; maintains electrochemical gradient which gives cell potential energy isotonic - Correct Answer-the cytosol and the solution have the same relative concentration hypotonic - Correct Answer-the solution has a lower concentration of solutes and there is a higher concentration of water then in the cytosol--- entry of water into the cell occurs lysis can occur hypertonic - Correct Answer-higher concentration of solutes and thus a lower concentration of water than in the cytosol-- water will leave the cell; crenation- cell shrinkage secondary active transport - Correct Answer-synport- same direction, antiport- different direction; movement of Na+ or K+ with its gradient provides enough energy to move substance in either direction endocytosis - Correct Answer-the cellular uptake of large substances or large amounts of substances from the external environment into the cell; used for digestion; pocket in cell membrane occurs to take in vessible that forms on cell surface- this is called invagination
exocytosis - Correct Answer-the means by which either large substances are secreted from the cell; macromolecules like proteins and polysaccharides are too large to be moved across the membrane even with the assistance of transport proteins; intracellular transport vesicles; vesicle fuses with plasma membrane to release contents pinocytosis - Correct Answer-cellular drinking; occurs when the cell internalizes droplets of interstitial fluid that contain dissolved solutes; multiple small vesicles are formed to come into the interstitial fluid; nonspecific-- all solutes in the droplet are taken into the cell phagocytosis - Correct Answer-cellular eating-- occurs when a cell engulfs or captures a large particle external to the cell by forming pseudopodia (false feet) to surround the particle simple diffusion - Correct Answer-movement of small, nonpolar particles through the plasma membrane; little energy needed endoplasmic reticulum - Correct Answer-extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape and separates fluid within the membrane structure from the cytosol; serves as a place for ribosomes to attach (Rough Er) or not (smooth ER) Golgi apparatus - Correct Answer-modifies, packages and sorts materials that arrive from the ER in transport vesicles, forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes; made up of cisternae vesicles - Correct Answer-spherical shaped membrane bound sacs that transport cellular material lysosomes - Correct Answer-spherical shaped organelles bound by membranes that contain digestive enzymes; digest damaged organelles (autophagy); when a cell is damaged or dies, the lysosomes digest the molecular components of the cell itself-- called autolysis
membrane junctions - Correct Answer-to provide an orderly arrangement between cells these form between adjacent cells (tight junction- completely attaches each cell to neighbors; forces substances to move through, not between cell tissues) transcription - Correct Answer-RNA synthesis; formation of a ribonucleic acid copy of a gene from DNA in the nucleus DNA is unwound; RNA polymerase attaches to promotor region of DNA; RNA polymerase assists to synthesize mRNA so the base pairs bond coordinately with hydrogen bonds; RNA polymerase reaches terminal region of gene, DNA rewinds into double helix; RNA is copied from template strand making a complementary strand; RNA copies the coding strand translation - Correct Answer-uses RNA for the synthesis of the protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm; tRNA brings over amino acids to mRNA to synthesize the protein, initiation, elongation, termination G - Correct Answer-bonds with C A - Correct Answer-bonds with U (RNA) or T (DNA) functions of the integument - Correct Answer-protection, regulates heat (sweating), detecting stimuli, balance of water, synthesis of vitamin D and oils, immune function layers of the integument - Correct Answer-epidermis, dermis (papillary, reticular), subcutaneous layer (below the integument) arrector pill muscle - Correct Answer-muscle that alters hair position epidermal ridges - Correct Answer-works with dermal papillae in the dermis to merge dermis and epidermis; dermal papillae deliver nutrients to epidermis and monitors touch of the epidermis
reticular layer - Correct Answer-contains network of blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nerves surrounded by collagen merocrine sweat glands - Correct Answer-simple coiled sweat glands, thermal regulation apocrine sweat glands - Correct Answer-discharges sweat into hair follicle, active in pubic and underarm regions, become active during puberty sebaceous glands - Correct Answer-discharges oil to keep skin and hair from drying out Rickets - Correct Answer-caused by vitamin D deficiency (children in factories), weight caused poorly developed bones to assume a bowlegged appearance Osteoporosis - Correct Answer-bone loss due to aging, more common in Caucasian women due to lower bone density, maintaining good calcium and vitamin D Achondroplasia - Correct Answer-dwarfism; caused by mutation in DNA replication or inherited gene, long bones stop growing, large head, short limbs, curved spine, abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone endochondral ossification - Correct Answer-Process of transforming cartilage into bone. intermembranous ossification - Correct Answer-bones growth within a membrane: the mesenchyme (site of the future dermis), starts during the 8th week of development, produces flat bones in skull, face, and clavicle, begins when mesenchyme thickens, cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts, calcification (turns cells into osteocytes), woven bone, then lamellar bone (spongey and compact bone)
Bone remodeling - Correct Answer-bones replaced regularly every few years, mechanical stress through exercise causes bone growth bone connective tissue - Correct Answer- osteoprogenitor cells - Correct Answer-stem cells, multiply through mitosis (1 progenitor, one osteoblast) osteoblasts - Correct Answer-secret initial bone matrix osteoid; hardened bone; become trapped in the matrix they create and become osteocytes osteocytes - Correct Answer-mature bone cells that have lost their bone forming ability when they become trapped by calcified osteoid; signal osteocytes when bone is stressed osteoclasts - Correct Answer-involved in breaking down bone called resorption organic and inorganic chemical components of bone - Correct Answer-
