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HCS 212 Test With Complete Solution
Plasmalemma - Answer Lipid bilayer, containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates Plasmalemma - Answer Isolation; protection; sensitivity; support; control of entrance/exit of materials Cytosol - Answer Fluid component of cytoplasm; may contain inclusions of insoluble materials Cytosol - Answer Distributes materials by diffusion; stores glycogen, pigments, and other materials Plasmalemma - Answer Cytosol - Answer Cytoskeleton - Answer Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes Cytoskeleton - Answer Strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials Cytoskeleton - Answer Microtubules - Answer Microfilament - Answer Microvilli - Answer Membrane extensions containing microfilaments Microvilli - Answer Increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials Microvilli - Answer Centrosome - Answer Cytoplasm containing two centrioles, at right angles; each centriole is composed of nine microtubule triplets Centrosome - Answer Centrioles - Answer a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. Centrioles - Answer Cilia - Answer Membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9 + 2 array Cilia - Answer Movement of materials over cell surface Cilia - Answer
Ribosomes - Answer RNA + Proteins; attached ___________ bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum; free _________ scattered in cytoplasm. Protein Synthesis Ribosomes - Answer Mitochondria - Answer Double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing metabolic enzymes Mitochondria - Answer Nucleus - Answer Nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by a double-layered membrane (nuclear envelope) containing nuclear pores Dense region in nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA Nucleus - Answer Control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits Nucleus - Answer Nucleolus - Answer Nuclear envelope - Answer Nuclear pore - Answer How things leave the nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum - Answer Endoplasmic Reticulum - Answer Network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm Synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport Rough ER - Answer Has ribosomes bound to membranes Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins Smooth ER - Answer Lacks attached ribosomes Lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis ; calcium ion storage Rough ER - Answer Smooth ER - Answer Golgi Apparatus - Answer Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers Storage, alternation, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
Impermeable - Answer Nothing can cross
Freely permeable - Answer Can cross without difficulty
Selectively permeable - Answer Permits free passage of some ions
Microvilli - Answer Engage in absorbing materials from extracellular fluid Help circulate fluid and bring into dissolved nutrients
Cytoplasm - Answer Extracellular fluid to cytosol / organelles 15%-30% protein weight
Cytosol - Answer Contains a high concentration of K+ ions Contains dissolved and suspended proteins Regulate metabolism
Passive Transport - Answer Diffusion of High to Low concentration Membrane permeability, magnitude, concentration gradient, size charge, and lipid solubility, temperature
Osmosis - Answer water diffusion of high to low
Facilitated diffusion - Answer Solute are passively transported across a plasmalemma
Active Processes - Answer Requires ATP Exchange pumps - carrier proteins that move one solute in one directions and another solute in the opposite
Endocytosis - Answer The packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle
Pinocytosis - Answer Vesicles form @ plasmalemma and bring in extracellular fluid - cell drinking
Endocytosis - Answer
Pinocytosis - Answer
Phagocytosis - Answer Vesicles form @ plasmalemma to bring solid particles Cell eating like bacteria
Receptor mediated endocytosis - Answer Target molecules bind to specific receptor proteins that trigger vesicles
Exocytosis - Answer Release of fluids and/or solids from cells Require Ca+ ions and ATP
Exocytosis - Answer
Cytoskeleton - Answer Internal framework of fibers give strength and flexibility 4 components: Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, microtubules
Microfilaments - Answer Composed of Actin Anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins @ plasmalemma Stabilize position, provide strength Actin can interact with myosin __________________
At cell surface Propels sperm cells through fluid
Terminal web - Answer
Basal Body - Answer Cilia are anchored to a compact __________ ________ situated just beneath the cell surface. Resembles that of a centriole.
Centrosome - Answer a clear region of cytoplasm that contains this pair of centrioles. Directs the organization of the microtubules of the cytoskeleton.
aneucleate - Answer red blood cells are _______________ they lack a nucleus
Multinucleate - Answer Skeletal muscles have multiple nucleus so they are ___________________.
Nucleoplasm - Answer Fluid contents of the nucleus. Contains ions, enzymes, RNA and DNA nucleotides, proteins, small amounts of RNA and DNA.
Nuclear matrix - Answer The nucleoplasm contains a networkj of fine filaments, the _____________ _____________ that provides structural support may be invovled in the regulation of genetic activity.
Histones - Answer Each Chromosome contains DNA strands bound to special proteins
Nucleosome - Answer DNA strands wind around the histones, forming a complex
Histones - Answer
Primary Lysosomes - Answer Contains inactive enzymes
Secondary Lysosomes - Answer Contains active enzymes are formed when a primary lysosome fuses with another membrane-bound vesicle, such as one that contains a damaged mitochondrion
Autolysis - Answer The enzymes rapidly destroy the proteins and organelles of the cell
Peroxisomes - Answer are smaller than lysosomes and carry a different group of enzymes.
Formed by free ribosomes within the cytoplasm
Membrane Flow - Answer Vesicles forming at the exposed surface of the cell remove and recycle segments of the plasmalemma. This continual movement and exchange is called __________ _______.
Cell adhesion molecules - Answer Large areas of opposing plasmalemmae may be interconnected by transmembrane proteins called ____________ which bind to each other to other extracellular materials.
Intercellular cement - Answer Membranes of adjacent cells may be held together by ______________ ____________, a thin layer of proteoglycans
Communicating junctions - Answer Are held together by connexons. Help coordinate functions such as the beating of cilia which help with cardiac muscle.
Adhering Junctions - Answer At a tight junction, the lipid portions of the two plasmalemma are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins
Zonula adherens - Answer Is a sheetlike anchoring junction that serves to stabilize the
