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Cell Structure and Function, Exams of Advanced Education

University of WitwatersrandAdvanced Education

An overview of the various cell types, their structures, and the key functions they perform within the human body. It covers topics such as cell size and shape, cell membrane composition and permeability, organelle functions, and the cell cycle. The document delves into the importance of cellular processes like diffusion, osmosis, and phagocytosis, as well as the implications of cellular abnormalities and diseases like cancer and cystic fibrosis. By studying this document, readers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental building blocks of life and how they work together to maintain the complex systems of the human body.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 10/25/2024

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY TEST BANK CHAPTER 3
1) About how many cells constitute the body of an adult?
A) 50 to 100 million
B) 50 to 100 billion
C) 50 to 100 trillion
D) 50 to 100 quadrillion - C
2) The body is made up of many different cell types, from small circular red blood cells to the elongated
smooth muscle cells 20X its size. Why is there such variation in size and shape?
A) Different cell sizes are due to nutritional differences.
B) Different variations in size and shape allow differentiated cell types to perform unique functions.
C) Variations in cell shape and size are due to chromosomal differences between cells.
D) Cell size and shape does not vary among cell types. - B
3) The three major parts of a cell are
A) the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.
B) the nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope.
C) microtubules, ribosomes, and centrosomes.
D) the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. - D
4) A cell is surrounded by an extremely thin, flexible membrane. Why is the membrane selectively
permeable?
A) It allows all substances to pass through, making it easier to absorb nutrients.
B) It allows all organic substances to pass through, but excludes all inorganic substances that could be
harmful.
C) It allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity, and other
factors.
D) It does not allow any substances to pass through as they could damage the cell. - C
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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY TEST BANK CHAPTER 3

  1. About how many cells constitute the body of an adult? A) 50 to 100 million B) 50 to 100 billion C) 50 to 100 trillion D) 50 to 100 quadrillion - C
  2. The body is made up of many different cell types, from small circular red blood cells to the elongated smooth muscle cells 20X its size. Why is there such variation in size and shape? A) Different cell sizes are due to nutritional differences. B) Different variations in size and shape allow differentiated cell types to perform unique functions. C) Variations in cell shape and size are due to chromosomal differences between cells. D) Cell size and shape does not vary among cell types. - B
  3. The three major parts of a cell are A) the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. B) the nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope. C) microtubules, ribosomes, and centrosomes. D) the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. - D
  4. A cell is surrounded by an extremely thin, flexible membrane. Why is the membrane selectively permeable? A) It allows all substances to pass through, making it easier to absorb nutrients. B) It allows all organic substances to pass through, but excludes all inorganic substances that could be harmful. C) It allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity, and other factors. D) It does not allow any substances to pass through as they could damage the cell. - C
  1. Cell membranes are described as a fluid mosaic that maintains stability while still allowing movement. What component maintains most of the flexibility of the membrane? A) Phospholipid bilayer B) Integral proteins C) Polysaccharides D) Carbohydrates - A
  2. The major components of the cell membrane are A) lipids and carbohydrates. B) proteins and carbohydrates. C) lipids and proteins. D) carbohydrates and polysaccharides. - C
  3. Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane? A) A solid, rigid layer of phospholipid with loosely bound protein molecules B) A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move C) Rigid layers of protein molecules in which carbohydrate molecules are suspended D) Three layers; lipid on the inside, protein in the middle, and carbohydrates (and polysaccharides) on the outside - B
  4. A protein that spans the cell membrane is termed a(n) A) receptor protein. B) integral protein. C) peripheral protein. D) anchoring protein. - B
  5. Cellular adhesion molecules are A) peripheral proteins. B) integral proteins.
  1. Anderson's disease results in the failure to secrete large proteins called chylomicrons. Which organelle is most likely affected? A) Nucleus B) Lysosome C) Vesicles D) Mitochondrion - C
  2. Which of the following describes a lysosome? A) A double-membraned organelle that is the "powerhouse" of the cell B) A complex network of interconnected membranes that is a communication system in the cell C) A tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris D) A nonmembranous structure that is essential for mitosis - C
  3. A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college. He must rest for three months and then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscles in his lower limbs decrease in size during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle proteins are A) peroxisomes. B) lysosomes. C) centrosomes. D) ribosomes. - B
  4. For which of the following organelles are the structure and function correctly described? A) Endoplasmic reticulum—a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion B) Ribosomes—membranous vesicles containing digestive enzymes C) Golgi apparatus—particles, composed of protein and RNA, which synthesize proteins D) Mitochondrion—nonmembranous structure that synthesizes proteins - A
  5. The sequence of organelles and cell parts involved in milk secretion is

A) cell membrane, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus. B) nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane. C) nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, cell membrane. D) vesicles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, cell membrane. - B

  1. ATP is used to power many cellular processes. Some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. Which organelle is likely affected in these disorders? A) Mitochondrion B) Ribosome C) Peroxisome D) Golgi apparatus - A
  2. The main function of cristae in mitochondria is to A) supply enzymes for reactions. B) increase chemical transport in mitochondria. C) facilitate diffusion of substances into the mitochondria. D) increase the surface area for chemical reactions. - D
  3. When there is a surplus of dietary carbohydrates, they are converted to lipids through lipogenesis. Where are they synthesized? A) Golgi apparatus B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum D) Mitochondria - B
  4. Cytoskeletal structures that are not found in all cell types are A) microtubules. B) microfilaments. C) myofibrils.

C) The Golgi apparatus D) The nucleus - D

  1. Which of following does not influence the rate of molecular movement? A) Distance B) The concentration of the substance C) The amount of energy available for transport molecules D) The molecular weight of the diffusing molecules - C
  2. Salt is placed in a glass of water. Slowly the salt begins to even out in concentration due to what factor? A) Distance gradient B) Distance vector C) Concentration vector D) Concentration gradient - D
  3. What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share? A) Both require cellular energy for the transport of substances. B) Both move water across a semipermeable membrane. C) Both require a special carrier molecule to move substances across the membrane. D) Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without using cellular energy. - D
  4. If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside, A) water will enter the cell by osmosis. B) water will leave the cell by osmosis. C) glucose will enter the cell by osmosis. D) glucose will leave the cell by osmosis. - B
  1. If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, A) the cell will shrink. B) only permeable substances will leave; but concentrations in the cell do not change. C) the cell will remain the same size and shape. D) the cell will swell and may eventually burst. - D
  2. Red blood cells are placed in a solution of 0.9% NaCl and no diffusion or osmosis is observed. This means that the solution is ________. A) isotonic B) hypotonic C) hypertonic D) isertonic - A
  3. Cells are placed in a solution that causes them to absorb liquid until they burst. When more water is removed from the solution, newly added cells do not burst. The original solutions was ________ , while the second was ________ to the cells. A) isotonic; hypotonic B) isotonic; hypertonic C) hypotonic; isotonic D) hypertonic; isotonic - A
  4. Osmosis is the movement of A) molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. B) water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a higher concentration of impermeant solute. C) water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a lower concentration of impermeant solute. D) ions from a low pressure region to a high pressure region through a selectively permeable membrane. - B
  5. What is the relationship of osmotic pressure to the number of solute particles in a solution?
  1. Coffee grounds are mixed with water before being placed in a funnel filter. The large grounds remain in the filter, but the small particles pass through A) from low concentration to high concentration. B) from low hydrostatic pressure to high hydrostatic pressure. C) by hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side of the membrane than on the other. D) from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure. - C
  2. In phagocytosis A) a cell membrane engulfs solid particles. B) a particle enters a cell by moving down its concentration gradient. C) a cell membrane engulfs droplets. D) a carrier molecule moves a substance across a cell membrane using ATP. - A
  3. Following the nomenclature for cells, what type of cells take in solid particles like bacteria? A) Phagozyme B) Phagase C) Phagocyte D) Phagosome - C
  4. Molecules bind to receptor sites and are enclosed in vesicles in the process of A) pinocytosis. B) phagocytosis. C) receptor-mediated endocytosis. D) exocytosis. - C
  5. Chloride ions follow the concentration gradient, but require a membrane protein for passage. Which transport method is occurring? A) Diffusion B) Active transport C) Pinocytosis

D) Facilitated diffusion - D

  1. Chromosomes duplicate during A) prophase. B) interphase. C) metaphase. D) telophase. - B
  2. Stages of the cell cycle unfold in the following order: A) differentiation, cytoplasmic division, mitosis, interphase. B) interphase, differentiation, cytoplasmic division, mitosis. C) interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation. D) mitosis, interphase, cytoplasmic division, differentiation. - C
  3. Which stages have double the amount of chromosomal DNA compared to stage G1? A) G B) Prophase C) Metaphase D) Apoptosis - C
  4. Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic A) prophase. B) metaphase. C) anaphase. D) telophase. - C
  5. As a cell grows, A) the relationship between its surface area and volume remains unchanged. B) its surface area increases to a lesser degree than its volume.

A) Kinases and cyclins B) Oncosuppressors and tumor activators C) Metastatic activators and apoptosis stimulators D) Tumor suppressors and oncogenes - D

  1. The defining characteristic of a stem cell is A) self-repair. B) self-renewal. C) the ability to turn into a cancer cell. D) origin from a progenitor cell. - B
  2. Researchers in a lab are working with a form of stem cells that can divide and give rise to any cell type, allowing them to research development. This cell type is known as A) pluripotent. B) multipotent. C) totipotent. D) a differentiated cell. - C
  3. Bone cells and muscle cells differ in structure and function because A) each expresses a different subset of genes. B) each has different genes. C) each has different chromosomes. D) they express the same subset of genes. - A
  4. Programmed cell death occurs during development, including the removal of webbing between fingers of the fetus. This process is known as A) cell specialization. B) apoptosis. C) mitosis.

D) cell differentiation. - B

  1. A temporary cell that is no longer useful for development undergoes preprogrammed cell death. During this process, A) chromosomes join. B) the cytoskeleton forms large, complex structures. C) mitochondria merge. D) the cell can no longer adhere to other cells. - D
  2. Some people cannot be infected with HIV because A) they are already infected. B) their cells lack receptors that admit the virus. C) their cells have extra receptors for HIV. D) they were vaccinated. - B
  3. The cellular abnormality that causes cystic fibrosis is A) absence of the ability to feel pain. B) abnormal chloride channels that trap salt inside cells lining the lung passageways. C) abnormal potassium channels in heart muscle. D) extra receptors for a growth factor. - B
  4. Adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by deficiency of a protein in the outer membrane of A) cells. B) lysosomes. C) mitochondria. D) peroxisomes. - D
  5. Stem cells taken from a person to be used to treat a disease in that same person come from A) embryos or fetuses.
  1. Microfilaments and microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton. - TRUE
  2. Chromatin consists of DNA and protein. - TRUE
  3. The nucleus is in the nucleolus. - FALSE
  4. Certain white blood cells take in bacterial cells by phagocytosis. - TRUE
  5. Filtration requires hydrostatic pressure. - TRUE
  6. Transcytosis combines diffusion and active transport. - FALSE
  7. During interphase, a cell rests. - FALSE
  8. Stages of the cell cycle in correct sequence are interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, and differentiation. - TRUE
  9. Cell division consists of mitosis and cell differentiation. - FALSE
  10. During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes first condense and become visible when stained and viewed under a microscope. - FALSE
  11. During anaphase of mitosis, centromeres separate and replicated chromosomes separate. - TRUE
  12. During telophase of mitosis, chromosomes elongate and form chromatin threads. - TRUE
  13. Abnormal rates of mitosis can lead to poor wound healing and delayed growth. - TRUE
  1. All cell types divide at the same rate. - FALSE
  2. All cell types can divide a limitless number of times. - FALSE
  3. A telomere is a type of hormone that controls the cell cycle. - FALSE
  4. Loss of cell cycle control can cause cancer. - TRUE
  5. The process by which cells specialize is called differentiation. - TRUE
  6. A stem cell divides to give rise to two differentiated cells. - FALSE
  7. Stem cells may be activated after an injury, helping to heal. - TRUE
  8. A nerve cell and a muscle cell have the same genes, but express different subsets of them. - TRUE
  9. Apoptosis is a slow version of mitosis. - FALSE
  10. Apoptosis begins with a cell receiving a signal to die. - TRUE