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Pathophysiology Chapter 1- Cellular Biology
1. Through what processes do cells specialize? differentiation or maturation
2. What are the eight specialized cellular functions? movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communi- cation
3. What fills the space between the nucleus and plasma membrane? cytoplasm
(cytoplasmic matrix)
4. Where are organelles found?: suspended in the cytoplasm and enclosed in
biologic membranes
5. What is the specialty of the endoplasmic reticulum?: synthesis and transport of
protein and lipids
6. What is the function of the golgi complex?: processes and packages proteins
(UPS)
7. What is the function of lysosomes?: contain digestive enzymes
8. What is the function of mitochondria?: contain metabolic machinery neces- sary
for cellular energy
9. Where are the enzymes of the electron-transport chain found?: the inner
membrane of the mitochondria
10. What is the "bone and muscle" of the cell?: the cytoskeleton
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11. Which part of the cell controls the movement of substances across it and has a
powerful influence on metabolic pathways?: the plasma membrane
12. Where are proteins synthesized?: ribosomes
13. What is protein homeostasis?: protein regulation in a cell
14. What enables cells to interact with other cells and with extracellular sub-
stances?: protein receptors
15. Carbs contained within the plasma membrane are generally bound to what?:
glycoproteins and glycolipids
16. What are the three different ways cells are held together?: 1) the extracellu- lar
matrix, 2) cell adhesion molecules in the plasma membrane, and 3) specialized cell junctions
17. What are three examples of prokaryotic cells?: rickettsae, cyanobacteria,
bacteria
18. Which cell is simpler, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?: prokaryotes
19. What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?: Prokary- otes
have no distinct nucleus, they lack histones and organelles, and are single celled with circular chromosome. Eukaryotes have a complex cellular organization with a distinct nucleus and mem- brane bound organelles.
20. What are three examples of eukaryotic cells?: plants, fungi, higher animals
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32. What do transporters do?: move molecules and ions across the cell mem-
brane
33. What does adhesion allow?: allows cells to interact
34. What are ligands?: molecules that bind to other molecules
35. What are the two types of cell junctions?: tight and gap
36. What is the function of the tight cell junction?: prevents movement of trans- port
proteins through the membrane
37. What is the function of gap cell junction?: allows small ions and molecules to
pass directly from inside one cell to the inside of another
38. What are the three ways cells communicate?: 1. contact signaling by plasma
membrane-bound receptors, 2. remote signaling by secreted molecules, 3. contact signaling via gap junctions
39. What are the three steps cells have to take in order to form tissue?: 1.
communication and recognition
2.adhesion
3.memory
40. Which uses energy, anabolism or catabolism?: anabolism
41. What are the three phases that catabolism of proteins can be broken up into?: 1.
digestion
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2.glycolysis & oxidation
3.citric acid cycle
42. What is oxidative phosphorylation?: the mechanism by which the energy
produced from carbs, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP
43. Describe anaerobic respiration.: * no oxygen involved
* occurs in the cytoplasm
* pyruvate is transformed into lactic acid
* not efficient route
* also called substrate phosphorylation
* result is 2 ATP
44. Describe aerobic respiration.: * oxygen is involved
* very efficient method
* occurs in mitochondria
* pyruvate enters citric acid cycle
* result is 36 ATP
45. Cations have a charge, but navigate towards poles.-
: positive, negative
46. Anions have a charge, but navigate towards
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58. How is the concentration difference maintained? by the active transport of Na+
outward and K+ inward
59. What are the four basic types of tissues?: connective, nerve, muscle, epithe- lial
60. What is pattern formation?: the process by which differentiated cells create
tissue and organs
61. Describe an action potential.: when a cell receives a stimulus that exceeds the
threshold value which results in a rapid change in the resting potential
62. What causes depolarization?: the cell becomes more permeable to Na+ which
results in a rush of Na+ into the cell
63. What happens during repolarization? the negative polarity of the membrane
potential is reestablished
