Docsity
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Docsity AI
Docsity AI
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search for your university

Find the specific documents for your university's exams

Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

Cellular Processes and Cell Communication, Exams of Nursing

Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL)Nursing

Various aspects of cellular processes and cell communication, including the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells, different phases of the cell cycle, forms of cell communication, active transport mechanisms, and the effects of cell injury and damage. It also touches on topics related to cancer, blood cells and their components, and inherited disorders. The information provided could be useful for students studying biology, physiology, or related fields, as it covers fundamental concepts in cellular biology and pathophysiology.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 10/14/2024

Emma_Johnson
Emma_Johnson 🇬🇧

2.1K documents

1 / 191

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
NURS 501 Study Guide latest 2024 questions and all Correct Answers
501
Study
Guides
NURS 501 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology Study Guide
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. b. Cells
can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus b. Ribosome d. Lysosome
3.
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O2
)
by
using
oxygen
to
remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an
oxidative reaction? a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes b.
Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi complex d.
Lysosomes
5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas
cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell
membrane.
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to
the cell membrane.
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to
the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell
membrane.
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in cytosol to the cell
membrane.
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
pg. 1
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24
pf25
pf26
pf27
pf28
pf29
pf2a
pf2b
pf2c
pf2d
pf2e
pf2f
pf30
pf31
pf32
pf33
pf34
pf35
pf36
pf37
pf38
pf39
pf3a
pf3b
pf3c
pf3d
pf3e
pf3f
pf40
pf41
pf42
pf43
pf44
pf45
pf46
pf47
pf48
pf49
pf4a
pf4b
pf4c
pf4d
pf4e
pf4f
pf50
pf51
pf52
pf53
pf54
pf55
pf56
pf57
pf58
pf59
pf5a
pf5b
pf5c
pf5d
pf5e
pf5f
pf60
pf61
pf62
pf63
pf64

Partial preview of the text

Download Cellular Processes and Cell Communication and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

501 Study Guides NURS 501 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology

Chapter 1: Cellular Biology Study Guide

  1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption? a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
  2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the: a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus b. Ribosome d. Lysosome
  3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O2 ) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes
  4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury? a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi complex d. Lysosomes
  5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell? a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the cell membrane. c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane. d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in cytosol to the cell membrane.
  6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?

a. G 1 b. S c. G 2 d. M

  1. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active
  1. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to: a. Lipids c. Amphipathic lipids b. Ribosomes d. Receptors
  2. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?

a. Protein channel (gap junction) b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors) c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters d. Chemical messengers such as ligands

  1. When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by which one? a. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) c. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) b. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) d. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)
  2. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell? A.. Oxidative phosphorylation B.. Lactolysis C. Glycolysis D. Passive transport
  3. What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? a. Anaerobic glycolysis c. Oxidative phosphorylation b. Oxidative cellular metabolism d. Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation
  4. Passive transport is best described with which statement? a. Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion. b. Involving receptors that can bind with substances being transported. c. Being capable of transporting macromolecules. d. Requiring energy generated by the cell
  5. Active transport occurs across which type of membranes? a. Membranes that have a higher concentration of the solute on the outside of the cell b. Membranes that are semipermeable to water and small electrically uncharged molecules c. Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to be transported d. Membranes that have a cell membrane that is hydrophobic rather than hydrophilic
  6. Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported? a. Active c. Transmembranous b. Mediated d. Passive

a. Hydrostatic pressure c. Diffusion b. Osmosis d. Active transport

  1. Why is osmolality preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic activity in the clinical assessment of individuals? a. Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution. b. Volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes. c. More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein and glucose, rather than by water. d. Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma, such as proteins and glucose.
  2. A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells? a. Become hydrated c. Shrink b. Swell or burst d. Divide
  3. The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process? a. Active-mediated transport (active transport) b. Active diffusion c. Passive osmosis d. Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
  4. Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by: a. Passive electrolyte channels b. Coupled channels c. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme d. Diffusion
  5. What occurs during exocytosis? a. Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes. b. All substances are secreted into the cellular matrix. c. No repairs in the plasma membrane can take place. d. Solute molecules flow freely into and out of the cell.
  6. Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells? a. Potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF).

b. Sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF). c. The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium. d. An excess of anions are inside the cell.

  1. The cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends on which process?
  1. A muscle cell possesses which specialized function? a. Movement c. Secretion b. Conductivity d. Respiration
  2. When a mucous gland cell creates a new substance from previously absorbed material, this process is known as which specialized cellular function? a. Excretion c. Reproduction b. Metabolic absorption d. Secretion
  3. All cells are capable of what process? a. Excretion c. Metabolic absorption b. Movement d. Continuous division Multiple Response Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question. 39. What are the major chemical components of the cell membranes? (Select all that apply.) a. Lipids. b. Sodium ions c. Carbohydrates d. DNA e. Proteins 40. Which cells lose their ability to replicate and divide? (Select all that apply.) a. Intestines b. Nerves c. Skin d. Lens of the eye e. Skeletal muscle 41. Which statements are true concerning the process of facilitated diffusion? (Select all that apply). a. Facilitated diffusion is also referred to as passive mediated transport. b. This process expends no metabolic energy. c. Moving solute molecules through cellular membranes are involved in this process. d. Movement up a concentration gradient is necessary. e. Facilitated diffusion is the primary means for water transport.

42. Passive transport is dependent on: ( Select all that apply.) a. Semipermeable barrier membrane b. The process of osmosis c. Diffusion as a driving force d. A living host e. Hydrostatic pressure

THOUGH T QUESTION S

  1. With respect to chemical communication and signal transduction, A. Describe

three ways in which cells communicate with one another; give an example of each.

  1. protein channels (gap junctions) coordinate activity with adjacent cells
  2. PM-bound signaling molecules (receptors) affect itself and others in direct contact
  3. secrete chemical signals (ligands) b. five forms of signaling mediated by secreted molecules; give an example of each. Intracrine ligands are produced by the target cell itself and bind to a receptor within. Autocrine ligands are finely distinct in that although they are also made by the target cell, they are first secreted and then later bind to the cell as well as neighboring cells (ex. Immune cells). Juxtacrine ligands target adjacent cells (often called “contact-dependent” signaling). Paracrine ligands target cells in the vicinity of the original emitting cell (ex. Neurotransmitters like Acetylcholine). Endocrine cells produce hormones that have the important task of targeting distant cells and often travel through our circulatory system.

-Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers. First messengers are extracellular factors, often hormones or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, growth hormone, and serotonin. -AC Pathway. The AC pathway begins with an outside signal, such as a hormone, that binds to a receptor on a cell surface. The receptor then activates a G-protein by causing a change from GDP to GTP. The alpha piece of Gs, when activated, tells the AC to begin changing ATP to Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP , cyclic AMP, or 3',5'- cyclic adenosine monophosphate).

  • cAMP is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP -dependent pathway for the activation of specific proteins.

Chapter 2: Altered Cellular & Tissue Study

Guide

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

  1. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? a. Hyperplasia c. Dysplasia b. Metaplasia d. Anaplasia
  2. The loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca). b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium (KCL). c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl). d. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO).
  3. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of hormonal: a. Atrophy c. Hyperplasia c. Anaplasia d. Dysplasia
  4. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? a. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease b. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis c. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia
    1. Free radicals cause cell damage by: a. Stealing the cell’s oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia b. Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell membranes c. Transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane, which causes lysis d. Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane
    2. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? a. Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis. b. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production. c. Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production. d. Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure.

d. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton.

  1. Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of: a. Sodium and chloride b. Calcium b. Potassium c. ATP
  2. Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? a. Programmed cell death of scattered, single cells b. Characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm c. Unpredictable patterns of cell death d. Results in benign malignancies
    1. Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by: a. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters b. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves c. Increasing the resting membrane potential d. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves
    2. Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by: a. Competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted b. Binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen c. Destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen d. Removing iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen
    3. Acute alcoholism mainly affects which body system? a. Hepatic c. Renal b. Gastrointestinal d. Central nervous
    4. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell because: a. Plasma proteins enter the cell. b. The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)–driven pump is stronger during hypoxia. c. Sodium chloride enters the cell. d. An influx of glucose occurs through the injured cell membranes.
    5. Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma? a. No difference exists, and these terms may be correctly used interchangeably. b. A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs under the dura. c. A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture.

d. A subdural hematoma usually forms from bleeding within the skull, such as an aneurysm eruption, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs from trauma outside the skull, such as a blunt force trauma.

  1. What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion?