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Pathophysiology Exam Questions
In response to an increase in workout, the myocardium will hypertrophy which is an. a) Increase in size by increasing the total number b) Increase in contractility c) Increase in size by increasing in the intracellular content d) Decrease in strength e) Increase in excitability - ANSWER c) Increase in size by increasing in the intracellular content A pathology report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. Muscular atrophy involves the decrease in muscle cell________? a) Vacuoles b) Number c) Lipofuscin d) Size e) Strength - ANSWER d) Size A biopsy of the bronchial tissue was obtained. Pathology report reveals that stratified squamous ET have replaced columnar tissues. This form of adaptation is... a) anaplasia b) hyperplasia c) Dysplasia d) Metaplasia e) CIN - ANSWER d) Metaplasia A 25 year old female is pregnant. As a direct consequence of her pregnancy, her breasts have enlarged. This is a consequence of.... a) hormonal anaplasia b) Compensatory c) Dysplasia d) Hormonal hyperplasia e) Compensatory hyperplasia - ANSWER d) Hormonal hyperplasia
A 35 year old female returns to her gynecologist for consultation on her most recent Pap smear. The Pap smear demonstrated abnormal changes in the shape and organization of the cervical cells. What term best describes this type of change? a) Atrophy b) Dysplasia c) Metaplasia d) Hyperplasia e) Hypertrophy - ANSWER b) Dysplasia A 55 year old obese male complains of chest pain on exertion. The chest pain, i.e., agina pectoris is most likely due to_______. a) Malnutrition b) Chemical toxicity c) Free Radicals d) Ischemia e) Apoptosis - ANSWER d) Ischemia A 52 year old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once blood flow is returned to the damaged heart. reperfusion occurs because of.... a) Liquid accumulation in the heart's blood vessels b) Vacuolation c) Oxidative stress d) Decreased in intracellular calcium concentration e) None of the above - ANSWER c) Oxidative stress In irreversible cell injury, the accumulation of _______ in the intracellular space is a common finding. a) Potassium b) Sodium c) Magnesium d) Chloride e) Calcium - ANSWER e) Calcium
A 50 year old diabetic presents to the ER with an infected wound from an above the knee amputation 7 days prior. The culture reveals the wound was infected with Clostridium bacteria. The patient succumbs to the infection and dies a week later. Which of the following is most likely the cause of death? a) Gas gangrene b) Caseous necrosis c) Fat necrosis d) Apoptosis - ANSWER a) Gas gangrene During a review session, the student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to________. a) Regenerate b) Die c) Undergo Mitosis d) Replicate e) Increase in size - ANSWER b) Die Reperfusion injury to cells__________. a) Involves formation of free radicals b) Occurs following nutritional injury c) Results in very little cellular damage d) Results from too much cellular metabolism e) Results from calcium deficiency cells - ANSWER a) Involves formation of free radicals Coagulative necrosis is caused by_____. a) Lung tissue damage b) Chronis infection c) Dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation d) Trauma or pancreatitis e) Interrupted blood supply - ANSWER e) Interrupted blood supply What org ANSWER are affected by the type of necrosis that results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or caused by chemical injury?
a) Muscles and bones b) Kidneys and heart c) Brain and spinal cord d) Lungs and pulmonary vessels e) Pancreas - ANSWER b) Kidneys and heart When the heart's workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells? a) They increase in number b) They increase in size c) They undergo metaplasia d) The divide and increase in size - ANSWER b) They increase in size After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. This is an example of hormonal_____. a) Hypertrophy b) Hyperplasia c) Metaplasia d) Dysplasia - ANSWER b) Hyperplasia Which of the following statements is characteristics of apoptosis? a) Has unpredictable patterns of cell death b) A programmed cell death c) Results in benign malignancies d) Results in gene defect for future cell division - ANSWER b) A programmed cell death The study of disease involving the functional or physiological changes in the body that result from disease processes is termed_______. a) Pathophysiology b) Immunology c) Pharmacology d) Pathology - ANSWER a) Pathophysiology
d) Parasympathetic response attempting to maintain homeostasis - ANSWER c) Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia A 19 year old woman begins breast feeding her first child for almost a year with no difficulties nor complications. Which of the following cellular processes that began in the breast during pregnancy allowed her to nurse the infant for this period? a) Hyperplasia b) Dysplasia c) Metaplasia d) hypertrophy - ANSWER a) Hyperplasia Wasting of an organ or tissue from non-use is termed______. a) Hypertrophy b) Atrophy c) Dysplasia d) Hematoma - ANSWER b) Atrophy A decrease in blood flow to a tissue or organ resulting in impairment of cellular function is known as________. a) Necrosis b) Ischemia c) Anemia d) Hypoxia - ANSWER b) Ischemia Coagulative necrosis.... a) Is reversible if promptly and aggressively managed b) Only seen brain tissue c) Can result from the interrupted blood supply d) Resembles crumbly cheese - ANSWER c) Can result from the interrupted blood supply Reperfusion injury to cells..... a) Results in very little cellular damage
b) Involves formation of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) c) Occurs following nutritional injury d) Results from calcium deficiency in cells - ANSWER b) Involves formation of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) A 43 year old man has complained of mild burning substernal pain following meals for the past 3 years. Upper GI endoscopy is performed and biopsies are taken of the lower esophageal mucosa. The biopsies show the presence of columnar ET with goblet cells instead of stratified squamous. Which alteration is most represented? a) Carcinoma b) Ischemia c) Metaplasia d) Hyperplasia - ANSWER c) Metaplasia A 59 year old woman had the loss of consciousness that persisted for over an hour. When she became arousable, she can't speak nor move her right arm/leg. A CT scan shows a large cyst in her left parietal lobe. This is most likely from..... a) Coagulative necrosis b) Liquefactive necrosis c) Apoptosis d) Atrophy - ANSWER b) Liquefactive necrosis A 40 year old woman has sudden onset of severe abdominal pain. An abdominal CT scan reveals an enlargement of the pancreas consistent for pancreatitis. Which of the following cellular changes is this? a) Gangrene necrosis b) Apoptosis c) Fat necrosis d) Liquefactive necrosis - ANSWER c) Fat necrosis A 20 year old woman had Goodpasture syndrome which progressed to chronic renal failure. She was hypertensive, had high blood pressure and her heart weighed 540gm (normal 250-350gm) The size of her heart is because of..... a) Hypertrophy
d) Reactive vasodilation compromising perfusion - ANSWER c) Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia All of the following are biochemical mechanisms of cellular injury EXCEPT: a) Mitochondrial damage resulting in ATP depletion b) Defect in membrane permeability c) Efflux of calcium d) Damage to DNA and protein synthesis - ANSWER c) Efflux of calcium A child fell off a swing and scraped his right knee. The injured area becomes painful. What else will the nurse observe upon assessment? a) Edema at the injured site b) Vasoconstriction at the injured site c) Widespread infection at injured site d) Pale skin at injured site - ANSWER a) Edema at the injured site Healing by secondary intention would occur in which of the following patients? A patient with a: a) Stage IV pressure ulcer b) Sutured surgical wound c) Sunburn d) Paper cut - ANSWER a) Stage IV pressure ulcer The purpose of the inflammatory process is to... a) Create immunity against subsequent tissue injury b) Prevent infection of the injured tissue c) Provide specific responses toward antigens d) Lyse cell membranes of microorganisms e) All of the above - ANSWER e) All of the above What mechanism results in the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? a) Increased capillary permeability b) Diapedesis
c) Chemotaxis d) Vasoconstriction - ANSWER a) Increased capillary permeability What process causes heat and redness that occur during the inflammatory process? a) Platelet aggregation b) Endothelial cell contraction c) Diapedesis d) Vasodilation - ANSWER d) Vasodilation Which of the following processes can cause inflammation? a) Infarction b) Physical agents c) Infection d) Chemical agents e) All of the above - ANSWER e) All of the above The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response from.... a) Production of complement b) Increased interstitial fluid c) A large number of WBC's entering the area d) Increased blood flows into the area - ANSWER d) Increased blood flows into the area Returning injured tissue to the original structure and function is termed: a) Regeneration b) Fibrosis c) Repair by scar tissue d) Resolution - ANSWER d) Resolution An 18 year old male presents to the ER complaining of acute lower quadrant pain. Physical examinations were consistent for acute appendicitis. The pain is the result of the release of which two mediators: a) Il-1 and tumor necrosis factor
The process of phagocytosis involves the: a) Movement of erythrocytes through the capillary wall b) Shift of fluid and protein out of capillaries c) Ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes d) Formation of a fibrin mesh around the infected area - ANSWER c) Ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes The term leukocytosis means: a. increased white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. b. decreased WBCs in the blood. c. increased number of immature circulating leukocytes. d. significant change in the proportions of WBCs. - ANSWER a. increased white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. Inflammation is characterized by: a) Pain, tenderness, heat, swelling b) Pain, heat, tenderness to touch and swelling c) Heat, redness, swelling, dryness d) Pain, heat, redness, and swelling - ANSWER d) Pain, heat, redness, and swelling Cytokines are: a) Usually released only in chronic inflammation b) Abnormal cells released at the site of inflammation c) Chemicals that are responsible for phagocytes of bacteria d) Protein cell products that act as a message to other cells with instructions - ANSWER d) Protein cell products that act as a message to other cells with instructions All of the following are potential outcomes from acute inflammation EXCEPT a) Complete resolution b) Unregulated growth and cell division c) Fibrosis d) Chronic infection - ANSWER b) Unregulated growth and cell division
Which of the following can lead to chronic inflammation? a) Autoimmune b) Prolonged exposure to intravenous drug abuse c) Tuberculosis d) Syphilis e) All of the above - ANSWER e) All of the above A 25 year old male presents to the ER complaining of painful urination for the past 24hrs states, "I'm peeing fire, Doc!" Examination and culture were consistent with gonococcal urethritis by Neisseria gonorrhea. Which tissue response is consistent with this patient? a) Acute inflammation b) Chronic inflammation c) Caseous necrosis d) Gangrenous necrosis - ANSWER a) Acute inflammation Histamine is released during the inflammatory process. What is the primary/main effect of histamine? a) Smooth muscle contraction resulting in vasoconstriction b) Fever c) Pain d) Dilation of arterioles - ANSWER d) Dilation of arterioles Which of the following events induces inflammation? a) "Danger" signals b) Vascular proliferation and fibrosis c) Chemical mediators produced by host cells in response to injurious stimuli d) Tissue healing - ANSWER c) Chemical mediators produced by host cells in response to injurious stimuli A clinical is performed of patients with pharyngeal infections. Most of these patients experience fever and chills. On physical examinations, the most common findings include swelling, erythema,
c. Down d. Fragile X - ANSWER b. Klinefelter A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell: a. Number b. Size c. Vacuoles d. Lipofuscin - ANSWER b. Size When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: a. Increase in size b. Decrease in length c. Increase in excitability d. Increase in number - ANSWER a. Increase in size A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: a. Malnutrition b. Free radicals C. Ischemia d. Chemical toxicity - ANSWER c. Ischemia An immunologist has isolated a molecule from the human body to study, it is found to react with antibodies on B cells. Further testing reveals that the molecule is large and chemically diverse. What type of molecule is the immunologist studying? a. Antigen b. Immunogen c. Epitope d. Paratope - ANSWER a. Antigen A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He experiences a severe allergic reaction and has to go to the ER. The nurse providing care realizes this reaction is the result of:
a. Toxoids b. IgA C. IgE d. IgM - ANSWER c. IgE While planning care, a nurse recalls seasonal allergic rhinitis is expressed through: a. IgE-mediated reactions b. Tissue-specific reactions c. Antigen-antibody complexes d. Type I hypersensitivity reactions - ANSWER a. IgE-mediated reactions A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He immediately begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from: a. Immunodeficiency b. Autoimmunity c. Anaphylaxis d. Tissue-specific hypersensitivity - ANSWER c. Anaphylaxis What is the most common complaint in early stages of cancer? a. Pain b. Fatigue c. Bleeding d. Constipation - ANSWER b. Fatigue A newborn is diagnosed with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency. Which of the following types of anemia will the nurse see documented on the chart? a. Iron deficiency anemia b. Pernicious anemia C. Sideroblastic anemia d. Hemolytic anemia - ANSWER b. Pernicious anemia
d. Pain e. Swelling - ANSWER a. Heat b. Redness d. Pain e. Swelling A staff member asks what leukocytosis means. How should the nurse respond? a ."Leukocytosis can be defined as a normal leukocyte count" b. "Leukocytosis can be defined as a high leukocyte count" c. "Leukocytosis can be defined as a low leukocyte count" d. "Leukocytosis can be defined as another term for leukopenia" - ANSWER b. "Leukocytosis can be defined as a high leukocyte count" A 52-year-old male IV drug user was diagnosed with hepatitis C 5 years ago. He is now experiencing impaired blood clotting. The nurse suspects a decrease in which of the following vitamins? a) K b) E c) D d) B12 - ANSWER a. K Which major symptom in a patient with sickle cell anemia indicates to the nurse, the patient is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis? a) Peripheral edema b) Pain c) Petechiae d) An enlarged spleen - ANSWER b. Pain A 29-year-old male has suffered from extreme obesity for the better part of his adult life. Occasional symptoms of fatigue, cardiac strain, and a vast array of digestive disturbances has prompted a life- altering decision. He decides to a gastric bypass procedure, as he sees this as the only viable option to confront his weight loss dilemma. He undergoes a successful procedure and is in rehabilitation counseling. He understands that his eating habits must be drastically changed. Meals will be frequent at a fraction of the calories he is used to. Which of the following substrates may be deficient? (select all that apply)
a. Intrinsic Factor b. Folic Acid c. Vitamin K d. Vitamin B12 - ANSWER a. Intrinsic Factors b. Vitamin B A 29-year-old male has suffered from extreme obesity for the better part of his adult life. Occasional symptoms of fatigue, cardiac strain, and a vast array of digestive disturbances has prompted a life- altering decision. He decides to a gastric bypass procedure, as he sees this as the only viable option to confront his weight loss dilemma. He undergoes a successful procedure and is in rehabilitation counseling. He understands that his eating habits must be drastically changed. Meals will be frequent at a fraction of the calories he is used to. This patient is at risk for? a. Iron deficiency b. Sickle Cell anemia c. Hemolytic anemia d. Megaloblastic anemia - ANSWER d. Megaloblastic anemia The phrase or term "microcytic hypochromic" anemia is often referred to which type of anemia? a. Megaloblastic anemia b. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia c. Iron deficiency anemia d. Pernicious anemia - ANSWER c. Iron deficiency anemia Chronic blood loss causes anemia because of the: a. lower metabolic rate b. smaller amount of recycled iron available c. loss of protein and electrolytes d. shortened life span of erythrocytes - ANSWER b. smaller amount of recycled iron available
