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An ______ is the invasion of the body by agents that have the potential to cause disease.
Microorganisms that cause disease are called ______.
Microorganisms that do not cause disease are called ______.
Bacteria are ______-celled microorganisms that may be round, rod-shaped, or spiral.
Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics due to ______ resistance.
Viruses reproduce by using the metabolic and reproductive materials of ______ cells.
Fungi are divided into two groups: ______ and ______.
Rickettsiae are transmitted by arthropods such as fleas, lice, ticks, and ______.
______ are single-celled organisms that can cause intestinal disorders such as Giardia.
______ are infectious worms that include roundworms, tapeworms, and flatworms.
A ______ is an infectious particle made entirely of protein and may be associated with diseases like Alzheimer disease.
The ______ of infection describes how infectious diseases are transmitted.
The place where microorganisms live and multiply is called the ______.
The path by which microorganisms leave the body is known as the ______ of exit.
A person who is vulnerable to infection due to decreased resistance is called a ______ host.
Microorganisms that live in the body and normally do not cause disease are called ______ flora . Microorganisms that are temporarily present on the skin and can be easily removed with handwashing are called ______ flora.
The process by which disease-causing microorganisms invade and multiply in the body is called ______.
The stage of infection during which the patient begins to show signs and symptoms is called the ______ stage.
The time between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms is called the ______ period.
Microorganisms that survive and multiply only within living cells are called ______.
Fungi that appear as round or oval single-celled organisms are called ______.
Organisms such as roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes are classified as ______.
The movement of microorganisms through the air on dust particles or droplet nuclei is called ______ transmission.
The transfer of microorganisms from one person to another through physical contact is called ______ transmission.
A contaminated object such as a needle or dressing that spreads infection is called a ______.
The stage of infection in which symptoms begin to disappear is called the ______ stage.
The body’s protective response to injury or infection is known as ______.
The protein particle believed to cause diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is called a ______.
Breaking any link in the ______ of infection helps prevent the spread of disease.
The body’s ability to resist infection and disease is called ______.
The first line of defense against infection includes intact skin and ______ membranes.
The transfer of microorganisms from one person to another through coughing or sneezing is called ______ transmission.
The transfer of microorganisms through contaminated food or water is called ______ transmission.
The presence of microorganisms in the body without signs or symptoms of illness is called ______.
The stage of infection in which microorganisms are actively multiplying but symptoms are not yet present is called the ______ stage.
A person who harbors pathogens and can spread them to others without showing symptoms is called a ______.
Single-celled parasites that often cause intestinal infections are called ______.
Fungi that grow in long filaments and appear fuzzy are called ______.
A microorganism that lives on another organism and benefits while harming the host is called a ______.
A disease that is consistently present within a population is called an ______ disease.
A sudden increase in the number of disease cases within a population is called an ______.
When a disease spreads across many countries or continents it is called a ______.
A microorganism that survives on surfaces like bed rails, equipment, or tables is called a ______.
The use of heat or chemicals to destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects is called ______.
The removal of visible soil and debris from surfaces is called ______.
The practice of separating infected patients from others to prevent disease spread is called ______.
Infection Pathogens Nonpathogens Single Multidrug Living Yeasts and molds Mosquitoes Protozoans Helminths Prion Chain Reservoir Portal Susceptible Normal Transient Infection Illness Incubation Viruses Yeasts Helminths Airborne Direct contact Fomite Convalescent Inflammation Prion Chain Immunity Mucous Droplet Vehicle Colonization Incubation Carrier Communicable Inflammation Parasite Endemic Pandemic Infection Personal Chain
2. Types of Microorganisms
Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that reproduce independently.
Shapes of bacteria
Nursing instructors often test this.
Cocci
● Round ● Example: streptococcus
Bacilli
● Rod shaped ● Example: tuberculosis bacteria
Spirilla
● Spiral shaped ● Example: syphilis bacteria
Oxygen needs
Aerobic bacteria
● Require oxygen.
Anaerobic bacteria
● Grow without oxygen.
Bacterial toxins
Some bacteria release toxins , poisonous substances that damage tissues.
Two main types:
Exotoxins
● Released from bacteria.
Endotoxins
● Released when bacteria die.
Viruses
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents.
Characteristics:
● Cannot reproduce alone ● Must invade living host cells ● Use the host cell’s machinery to multiply
Examples:
● Influenza ● Hepatitis ● HIV
Antibiotics do NOT work against viruses.
Fungi
Fungi are microorganisms that thrive in warm, moist environments.
Two major types:
Yeasts
● Single-celled ● Example: Candida infections
Molds
● Multicellular ● Grow in filaments
Fungal infections often affect:
Example disease:
● Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Prions are extremely difficult to destroy and resist many sterilization methods.
3. The Chain of Infection
The chain of infection explains how infections spread.
There are six links.
1. Infectious Agent
The microorganism causing infection.
Examples:
● bacteria ● viruses ● fungi
2. Reservoir
The place where microorganisms live and multiply.
Reservoirs may include:
Humans Animals Soil Food Water
3. Portal of Exit
The path by which microorganisms leave the reservoir.
Examples:
● respiratory secretions ● blood ● urine ● feces ● wound drainage
4. Mode of Transmission
The method by which microorganisms spread.
Major types include:
Direct contact
● touching ● kissing ● sexual contact
Indirect contact
● touching contaminated objects
Objects that spread infection are called fomites.
Examples:
● bed rails ● IV poles ● thermometers ● doorknobs
Droplet transmission
Spread by:
● coughing ● sneezing ● talking
A person vulnerable to infection.
Risk factors include:
● weakened immune system ● chronic illness ● poor nutrition ● stress ● advanced age ● very young age
4. Stages of Infection
Infections progress through four stages.
Incubation Stage
Time between exposure and first symptoms.
During this stage:
● organisms multiply ● no symptoms appear yet
Prodromal Stage
Early symptoms begin.
Common symptoms:
● fatigue ● malaise ● low fever
Patient is often most contagious during this stage.
Acute Stage
The disease reaches its maximum severity.
Symptoms are strongest.
Examples:
● high fever ● inflammation ● severe pain
Convalescent Stage
Recovery stage.
During this stage:
● symptoms decrease ● body heals ● strength gradually returns
5. Body Defense Mechanisms
The body has several defense systems.
First Line of Defense
Prevents microorganisms from entering the body.
Includes:
Skin Mucous membranes Tears Saliva Stomach acid
● washing with soap and water ● using alcohol-based sanitizer
Nurses must perform hand hygiene:
Before patient contact After patient contact After removing gloves After contact with body fluids
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Used to protect healthcare workers and patients.
Examples:
Gloves Masks Gowns Face shields
Isolation Precautions
Used when patients have contagious infections.
Examples:
Contact precautions Droplet precautions Airborne precautions
7. Cleaning and Sterilization
These terms are often tested.
Cleaning
Removal of visible dirt and organic material.
Disinfection
Chemical process that destroys many microorganisms on objects.
Does not destroy spores.
Sterilization
Destroys all microorganisms including spores.
Methods include:
● steam under pressure ● chemical sterilants ● radiation
8. Healthcare-Associated Infections
Also called nosocomial infections.
These infections occur while receiving medical care.
Common examples:
Urinary tract infections Surgical wound infections Pneumonia Bloodstream infections
Common causes:
● poor hand hygiene ● invasive procedures
to move into the damaged tissue.
Signs you see
These changes cause the classic inflammation symptoms :
● redness (increased blood flow) ● warmth (heat from increased circulation) ● swelling (fluid leaking into tissue) ● pain (pressure on nerve endings)
Why it happens
The body is trying to bring immune cells to the injury site quickly.
2. Cellular Stage (Collection Stage)
This is where the collection stage you mentioned occurs.
What happens
White blood cells move into the injured area.
The most common cells involved:
● neutrophils ● macrophages
These cells perform phagocytosis.
Phagocytosis = White blood cells engulf and destroy bacteria, debris, and dead cells.
Pus formation
During this stage pus may form.
Pus contains:
● dead white blood cells ● bacteria ● damaged tissue
● fluid
Purpose
This stage cleans the wound and removes infection.
3. Healing (Repair) Stage
This is the final stage of inflammation.
What happens
The body begins repairing damaged tissue.
Processes include:
Fibroblast activity
● Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to rebuild tissue.
New blood vessels form
● Called angiogenesis.
Scar tissue may develop
● If tissue damage is severe.
Two types of healing
Primary intention
● wound edges are close together ● minimal scarring
Example:
● surgical incision
Secondary intention
● wound edges are far apart
