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Chapter 12: Urology & Nephrology
Urologist - ✔treat conditions of the female and male urinary tract as well as conditions affecting the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and penis Nephrologist - ✔treat conditions such as renal failure, problems with fluid and electrolyte balance, kidney transplants, and kidney disease in dialysis patients Glans Penis balan/o - ✔the enlarged tip of the penis; glans is covered by the prepuce (or foreskin) Urinary Bladder, Sac cyst/o - ✔an elastic muscular organ that stores urine produced by the kidneys; urine drains into bladder from ureters and exits bladder in urethra Epididymis epididym/o - ✔sits on surface of each testis; receives sperm produced by testes; location of sperm maturation and storage until released during ejaculation glomerul/o - ✔glomerulus Stone lith/o - ✔stones form in many parts of the body, usually formed from the accumulation of mineral salts within an organ; may form in kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, or urethra; also called a calculus (plural is calculi) nephr/o - ✔kidney Testes orch/o orchi/o
orchid/o - ✔the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone; the two testes are suspended outside body in the scrotum; as sperm are produced, they travel to epididymis for storage and maturation; another term for testes is testicles Prostate Gland prostat/o - ✔one of the male reproductive glands; this single gland is located surrounding urethra at base of bladder; secretes milky fluid that makes up much of liquid portion of semen and serves to nourish sperm Renal Pelvis pyel/o - ✔an area inside each kidney where urine collects as it is being made; each renal pelvis then drains into one of the ureters ren/o - ✔kidney Semen semin/i - ✔the fluid ejaculated from penis during intercourse; contains sperm and fluids secreted by reproductive glands: prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands Sperm sperm/o spermat/o - ✔the male reproductive cells; produced in testes and ejaculated from body in semen; contain one-half of normal complement of chromosomes; when sperm fertilizes ovum (which also has one-half of chromosomes from mother), new baby is created with full set of chromosomes testicul/o - ✔testes ur/o - ✔urine Ureter ureter/o -
✔sugar, glucose hem/o hemat/o - ✔blood hydr/o - ✔water noct/i - ✔night olig/o - ✔scanty py/o - ✔pus rect/o - ✔rectum ven/o - ✔vein -al -ar -ary -eal -ic -ous - ✔pertaining to -algia - ✔pain -cele - ✔protrusion -cyte - ✔cell -ectomy - ✔surgical removal -emia - ✔blood condition
-genesis - ✔produces, generates -gram - ✔record, picture -graphy - ✔process of recording -ia - ✔state -iasis - ✔abnormal condition -ism - ✔state of -itis - ✔inflammation -lith - ✔stone -logist - ✔one who studies -logy - ✔study of -lysis - ✔to destroy -megaly - ✔enlarged -meter - ✔instrument for measuring -oma - ✔tumor, mass -osis - ✔abnormal condition
dya- - ✔abnormal, difficult, painful extra- - ✔outside of hyper- - ✔excessive intra- - ✔within poly- - ✔many trans- - ✔across stoma - ✔new opening on surface of body (resulting from -ostomy) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - ✔blood test to determine kidney function by measuring level of nitrogenous waste, or urea, in blood calculus - ✔term for "stone formed within organ"; most are formed from mineral salts; commonly found in kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra; plural is calculi chlamydia - ✔bacterial sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of urethra of males or cervix of females with purulent discharge circumcision - ✔surgical removal of prepuce, or foreskin, from glans penis; commonly performed on newborn male at request of parents; primary reason is for ease of hygiene; also a ritual practiced in some religions clean catch specimen (CC) - ✔procedure for obtaining urine sample after cleaning off urethral meatus and catching urine in midstream (halfway through urination process) to minimize contamination from skin digital rectal exame (DRE) - ✔direct examination for presence of enlarged prostate gland performed by palpating (feeling) prostate gland with fingers (digital) through wall of rectum
erectile dysfunction (ED) - ✔inability to achieve erection of penis for coitus; also called impotence extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) - ✔treatment procedure for urinary system stones; utilizes ultrasound waves to break up stones; process is noninvasive, meaning it does not require surgery frequency - ✔condition of feeling urge to urinate more often than normal but without increase in total daily volume of urine; can indicate inflammation of bladder or urethra or benign prostatic hyperplasia genital herpes - ✔highly infectious viral sexually transmitted disease; causes blister like lesions on penis of males or cervix and vagina of females gonorrhea - ✔bacterial sexually transmitted disease; infects mucous membranes and can spread throughout entire genitourinary system; often does not cause many symptoms until widespread hemodialysis (HD) - ✔treatment for renal failure using artificial kidney machine to filter waste from blood hesitancy - ✔state of difficulty initiating flow of urine; often symptom of blockage along urethra, such as caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia hydrocele - ✔accumulation of fluid within scrotum intravenous pyelogram - ✔x-ray of kidney following injection of dye into vein to visualize renal pelvis as kidney filters dye out of bloodstream and puts it into urine peritoneal dialysis - ✔artificial means to remove waste substances from body by placing warm, chemically balanced solutions into peritoneal cavity; treatment for renal failure phimosis - ✔narrowing of prepuce over glans penis; can cause difficulty with urination and infection; treatment is circumcision polycystic kidney disease (PKD) -
✔surgical removal of prostate gland tissue by inserting device called resectoscope through urethra and removing prostate tissue; may also be referred to simply as transurethral resection (TUR) trichomoniasis - ✔protozoan sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of genitourinary tract in both men and women undescended testicle - ✔congenital anomaly involving failure of one or both of testes to descent into scrotal sac before birth; surgical procedure called orchiopexy may be required to bring testes down into scrotum permanently; also called cryptorchism urgency - ✔feeling the need to urinate immediately urinalysis (UVA, UA) - ✔laboratory test that consists of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine urinary catheterization (cath) - ✔insertion of flexible tube, catheter, into urinary bladder through urethra; used to withdraw urine or insert dye urinary incontinence - ✔involuntary urination; also called enuresis urinary tract infection (UTI) - ✔infection of any region of urinary tract urine culture & sensitivity (C&S) - ✔diagnostic lab procedure that identifies bacterial infection of urinary system and determines best antibiotic to treat it; involves growing bacteria in culture medium and testing different antibiotics on it varicocele - ✔development of varicose veins in the scrotal veins voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) - ✔x-ray made while patient voids dye that has been placed in urinary bladder through urethra The structure that stores sperm until release from the body: - ✔seminal vesicle the organs that produce sperm: -
✔testes The organs that produce urine: - ✔kidneys The long tubing from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles: - ✔vas deferens The tubing from the kidney to the bladder: - ✔ureter The tubing from the bladder to the outside: - ✔urethra Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney and the kidney itself is called - ✔pyelonephritis Being born without testes is medically known as - ✔anorchism Protrusion of the bladder is a - ✔cystocele "Hidden" testicles at birth is known as - ✔cryptorchism A common bladder infection is termed - ✔cystitis The term __________ means surgical fixation of the kidney. - ✔nephropexy Narrowing of the drainage tube from the kidney to the bladder is called - ✔ureterostenosis A visual examination of the bladder using a lighted instrument is known as - ✔cystoscopy Enlargement of the kidney is known as - ✔nephromegaly The abnormal condition of a stone or stones in the kidney is medically termed - ✔nephrolithiasis Pain in the testicle is - ✔orchialgia
Pyelonephritis is an infection of the: - ✔kidney and renal pelvis A patient who is very ill due to long-term disease of the kidneys will have ___ written in the chart. A. PUL B. ARF C. GFR D. CRF - ✔d (CRF) Balanitis is inflammation of the: - ✔glans penis Benign prostatic hypertrophy is a problem because it: - ✔narrows the urethra What is the term for an accumulation of fluid in the scrotum? - ✔hydrocele Oligospermia is a condition in which: - ✔there is a low sperm count What is the name for the skin covering the glans penis? - ✔prepuce The PSA test is getting to be a common test for a specific problem. For what does it test? - ✔prostate cancer Which is the abbreviation for a surgery that treats benign prostatic hypertrophy? - ✔TUR The biological name for sperm is: - ✔spermatozoa When sperm leave the testes, they enter the: - ✔epididymis Sperm leave the body through the: - ✔urethra The combining form gon/o- means: - ✔ovum The prefix epi- means: -
✔above What is the long tube that receives spermatozoa from the epididymis and carries them to the seminal vesicles? - ✔vans deferens Immature spermatozoon in the wall of the seminiferous tubule during childhood are called: - ✔spermatocytes What is a good definition of puberty? - ✔when an individual is capable of reproduction Which sexually transmitted disease has a spirochete (spiral) bacterium? - ✔syphilis In which of the following instances will replacement testosterone not be needed? - ✔vasectomy The acid phosphatase a common test for a specific problem. For what does it test? - ✔prostate cancer
