Chapter 14: Financial Management, Exams of Management Accounting

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Chapter 14—Capital Budgeting
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LO 1 Why do most capital budgeting methods focus on cash flows?
LO 2 How is payback period computed, and what does it measure?
LO 3 How are the net present value and profitability index of a project measured?
LO 4 How is the internal rate of return on a project computed? What does it measure?
LO 5 How do taxation and depreciation methods affect cash flows?
LO 6 What are the underlying assumptions and limitations of each capital project
evaluation method
LO 7 How do managers rank investment projects?
LO 8 How is risk considered in capital budgeting analysis?
LO 9 How and why should management conduct a postinvestment audit of a capital
project?
LO 10 (Appendix 1) How are present values calculated?
LO 11 (Appendix 2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the accounting rate
of return method?
QUESTION GRID
True/False
Difficulty Level Learning Objectives
Easy Mod Diff
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Difficulty Level Learning Objectives
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Chapter 14—Capital Budgeting

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

LO 1 Why do most capital budgeting methods focus on cash flows?

LO 2 How is payback period computed, and what does it measure?

LO 3 How are the net present value and profitability index of a project measured?

LO 4 How is the internal rate of return on a project computed? What does it measure?

LO 5 How do taxation and depreciation methods affect cash flows?

LO 6 What are the underlying assumptions and limitations of each capital project

evaluation method

LO 7 How do managers rank investment projects?

LO 8 How is risk considered in capital budgeting analysis?

LO 9 How and why should management conduct a postinvestment audit of a capital

project?

LO 10 (Appendix 1) How are present values calculated?

LO 11 (Appendix 2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the accounting rate

of return method?

QUESTION GRID

True/False Difficulty Level Learning Objectives Easy Mod Diff LO 1 LO 2 LO 3 LO 4 LO 5 LO 6 LO 7 LO 8 LO 9 LO 10 LO 11 1 x x 2 x x 3 x x 4 x x 5 x x 6 x x 7 x x 8 x x 9 x x 10 x x 11 x x 12 x x 13 x x 14 x x 15 x x 16 x x 17 x x 18 x x 19 x x 20 x x 21 x x 22 x x 23 x x 24 x x 25 x x 26 x x 27 x x 28 x x 29 x x 30 x x Difficulty Level Learning Objectives Easy Mod Diff LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 31 X x 32 X x 33 X x 34 x x 35 x x 36 x x Completion Difficulty Level Learning Objectives Easy Mod Diff LO 1 LO 2 LO 3 LO 4 LO 5 LO 6 LO 7 LO 8 LO 9 LO 10 LO 11 1 X x 2 X x 3 X x 4 X x 5 X x 6 x x 7 X x 8 X x 9 X x 10 x x 11 X x 12 X x 13 x x 14 x x 15 x x 16 X x 17 X x Multiple Choice Difficulty Level Learning Objectives Easy Mod Diff LO 1 LO 2 LO 3 LO 4 LO 5 LO 6 LO 7 LO 8 LO 9 LO 10 LO 11 1 X x 2 X x 3 X x 4 X x 5 X x 6 X x 7 X x 8 X x 9 X x 10 X x 11 X x 12 X x 13 X x 14 X x 15 X x 16 x x 17 X x 18 X x 19 X x 20 X x 21 X x 22 x x 23 X x 24 X x 25 x x 26 X x 27 x x 28 X x Difficulty Level Learning Objectives Easy Mod Diff LO 1 LO 2 LO 3 LO 4 LO 5 LO 6 LO 7 LO 8 LO 9 LO 10 LO 11 29 X x 30 x x

93 X x 94 X x 95 X x 96 X x 97 x x 98 x x 99 x x 100 x x 101 x x 102 x x 103 X x 104 X x Short Answer Difficulty Level Learning Objectives Easy Mod Diff LO 1 LO 2 LO 3 LO 4 LO 5 LO 6 LO 7 LO 8 LO 9 LO 10 LO 11 1 x x 2 x x 3 x x 4 x x 5 x x 6 x x 7 x x 8 x x 9 x x 10 x x Problem Difficulty Level Learning Objectives Easy Mod Diff LO 1 LO 2 LO 3 LO 4 LO 5 LO 6 LO 7 LO 8 LO 9 LO 10 LO 11 1 x x 2 x x 3 x x 4 x x 5 x x 6 x x 7 x x 8 x x

TRUE/FALSE

  1. Capital budgeting uses financial criteria exclusively when evaluating projects. ANS: F DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  2. Capital budgeting uses both financial and non-financial criteria when evaluating projects. ANS: T DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  3. Most capital budgeting techniques focus on cash flows. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. Project funding is a financing decision. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  5. Project funding is an investing decision. ANS: F DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  6. The decision concerning which assets to acquire to achieve an organization’s objectives is an investing decision. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  7. The payback period ignores the time value of money. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  8. An organization’s discount rate should be less than the organization’s cost of capital. ANS: F DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  9. An organization’s discount rate should be equal to or exceed the organization’s cost of capital. ANS: T DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  10. If the net present value is positive, the actual return on a project exceeds the required rate of return. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  11. The net present value method provides the actual rate of return for a project. ANS: F DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  12. The profitability index gauges the efficiency of a firm’s use of capital. ANS: T DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  1. Managers must often use multiple measures to effectively rank capital projects. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  2. Reinvestment assumptions are different under each method of ranking capital projects. ANS: T DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  3. When considering risk, a manager will often use a judgmental method of risk adjustment. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. When using the risk-adjusted discount rate method, a manager increases the rate used for discounting future cash inflows. ANS: T DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  5. When using the risk-adjusted discount rate method, a manager increases the rate used for discounting future cash outflows. ANS: F DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  6. Postinvestment audits can provide feedback of the accuracy of original cash flow estimates. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  7. Present value and future value computations assume the use of compound interest. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  8. For an ordinary annuity, the first cash flow occurs at the end of the period. ANS: T DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  9. For an annuity due, the first cash flow occurs at the end of the period. ANS: F DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  10. The accounting rate of return considers the salvage value of an asset. ANS: T DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  11. The accounting rate of return considers the time value of money. ANS: F DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  12. Accounting rate of return is based on cash flows. ANS: F DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-

COMPLETION

  1. The evaluation of future long-range projects to allocate resources effectively and efficiently is referred to as ______________________________________. ANS: capital budgeting DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  2. A judgment regarding an entity’s method of funding an investment is considered to be a(n) _______________________ decision. ANS: financing DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  3. A judgment regarding which assets an entity should acquire to achieve its stated objectives is considered to be a(n) _______________________ decision. ANS: investing DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. A capital budgeting method that measures the time required for a project’s cash inflows to equal the original investment is referred to as the _________________________. ANS: payback period DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  5. The rate of return required by a company that is used to determine the imputed interest portion of future cash receipts and disbursements is referred to as the _______________________. ANS: discount rate DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  6. The weighted average cost of an organization’s various sources of funds is referred to as ______________________________. ANS: cost of capital DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  7. A capital budgeting technique that compares a project’s rate of return with the desired rate of return for an organization is known as the _______________________________ method. ANS: net present value DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-

DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-

  1. When information on actual project results is gathered and compared to actual results, the process is referred to as a(n) ______________________________________. ANS: postinvestment audit DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  2. The capital budgeting technique that divides average annual profits from an investment by the average investment in a project is referred to as the _____________________________________. ANS: accounting rate of return DIF: Easy OBJ: 14- MULTIPLE CHOICE
  3. Which of the following capital budgeting techniques ignores the time value of money? a. payback period b. net present value c. internal rate of return d. profitability index ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. Which of the following capital budgeting techniques may potentially ignore part of a project's relevant cash flows? a. net present value b. internal rate of return c. payback period d. profitability index ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  5. In comparing two projects, the ___________ is often used to evaluate the relative riskiness of the projects. a. payback period b. net present value c. internal rate of return d. discount rate ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  6. Which of the following capital budgeting techniques does not routinely rely on the assumption that all cash flows occur at the end of the period? a. internal rate of return b. net present value c. profitability index d. payback period ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  1. Assume that a project consists of an initial cash outlay of $100,000 followed by equal annual cash inflows of $40,000 for 4 years. In the formula X = $100,000/$40,000, X represents the a. payback period for the project. b. profitability index of the project. c. internal rate of return for the project. d. project's discount rate. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14- 6. All other factors equal, a large number is preferred to a smaller number for all capital project

evaluation measures except

a. net present value. b. payback period. c. internal rate of return. d. profitability index. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-

  1. The payback method assumes that all cash inflows are reinvested to yield a return equal to a. the discount rate. b. the hurdle rate. c. the internal rate of return. d. zero. ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  2. The payback method measures a. how quickly investment dollars may be recovered. b. the cash flow from an investment. c. the economic life of an investment. d. the profitability of an investment. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  3. If investment A has a payback period of three years and investment B has a payback period of four years, then a. A is more profitable than B. b. A is less profitable than B. c. A and B are equally profitable. d. the relative profitability of A and B cannot be determined from the information given. ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. The payback period is the a. length of time over which the investment will provide cash inflows. b. length of time over which the initial investment is recovered. c. shortest length of time over which an investment may be depreciated. d. shortest length of time over which the net present value will be positive. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  1. When a project has uneven projected cash inflows over its life, an analyst may be forced to use _______ to find the project's internal rate of return. a. a screening decision b. a trial-and-error approach c. a post investment audit d. a time line ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  2. The interest rate used to find the present value of a future cash flow is the a. prime rate. b. discount rate. c. cutoff rate. d. internal rate of return. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  3. A firm's discount rate is typically based on a. the interest rates related to the firm's bonds. b. a project's internal rate of return. c. its cost of capital. d. the corporate Aa bond yield. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. In capital budgeting, a firm's cost of capital is frequently used as the a. internal rate of return. b. accounting rate of return. c. discount rate. d. profitability index. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  5. The net present value method assumes that all cash inflows can be immediately reinvested at the a. cost of capital. b. discount rate. c. internal rate of return. d. rate on the corporation's short-term debt. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  6. Which of the following changes would not decrease the present value of the future depreciation deductions on a specific depreciable asset? a. a decrease in the marginal tax rate b. a decrease in the discount rate c. a decrease in the rate of depreciation d. an increase in the life expectancy of the depreciable asset ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  1. To reflect greater uncertainty (greater risk) about a future cash inflow, an analyst could a. increase the discount rate for the cash flow. b. decrease the discounting period for the cash flow. c. increase the expected value of the future cash flow before it is discounted. d. extend the acceptable length for the payback period. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  2. A change in the discount rate used to evaluate a specific project will affect the project's a. life. b. payback period. c. net present value. d. total cash flows. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  3. For a project such as plant investment, the return that should leave the market price of the firm's stock unchanged is known as the a. cost of capital. b. net present value. c. payback rate. d. internal rate of return. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  4. The pre-tax cost of capital is higher than the after-tax cost of capital because a. interest expense is deductible for tax purposes. b. principal payments on debt are deductible for tax purposes. c. the cost of capital is a deductible expense for tax purposes. d. dividend payments to stockholders are deductible for tax purposes. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  5. The basis for measuring the cost of capital derived from bonds and preferred stock, respectively, is the a. pre-tax rate of interest for bonds and stated annual dividend rate less the expected earnings per share for preferred stock. b. pre-tax rate of interest for bonds and stated annual dividend rate for preferred stock. c. after-tax rate of interest for bonds and stated annual dividend rate less the expected earnings per share for preferred stock. d. after-tax rate of interest for bonds and stated annual dividend rate for preferred stock. ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  6. The combined weighted average interest rate that a firm incurs on its long-term debt, preferred stock, and common stock is the a. cost of capital. b. discount rate. c. cutoff rate. d. internal rate of return. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  1. The net present value method of evaluating proposed investments a. measures a project's internal rate of return. b. ignores cash flows beyond the payback period. c. applies only to mutually exclusive investment proposals. d. discounts cash flows at a minimum desired rate of return. ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  2. Which of the following statements is true regarding capital budgeting methods? a. The Fisher rate can never exceed a company's cost of capital. b. The internal rate of return measure used for capital project evaluation has more conservative assumptions than the net present value method, especially for projects that generate a positive net present value. c. The net present value method of project evaluation will always provide the same ranking of projects as the profitability index method. d. The net present value method assumes that all cash inflows can be reinvested at the project's cost of capital. ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  3. If a project generates a net present value of zero, the profitability index for the project will a. equal zero. b. equal 1. c. equal -1. d. be undefined. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. If the profitability index for a project exceeds 1, then the project's a. net present value is positive. b. internal rate of return is less than the project's discount rate. c. payback period is less than 5 years. d. accounting rate of return is greater than the project's internal rate of return. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  5. If a project's profitability index is less than 1, the project's a. discount rate is above its cost of capital. b. internal rate of return is less than zero. c. payback period is infinite. d. net present value is negative. ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  6. The profitability index is a. the ratio of net cash flows to the original investment. b. the ratio of the present value of cash flows to the original investment. c. a capital budgeting evaluation technique that doesn't use discounted values. d. a mandatory technique when capital rationing is used. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  1. Which method of evaluating capital projects assumes that cash inflows can be reinvested at the discount rate? a. internal rate of return b. payback period c. profitability index d. accounting rate of return ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  2. If the total cash inflows associated with a project exceed the total cash outflows associated with the project, the project's a. net present value is greater than zero. b. internal rate of return is greater than zero. c. profitability index is greater than 1. d. payback period is acceptable. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  3. The net present value and internal rate of return methods of decision making in capital budgeting are superior to the payback method in that they a. are easier to implement. b. consider the time value of money. c. require less input. d. reflect the effects of sensitivity analysis. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. If an investment has a positive net present value, the a. internal rate of return is higher than the discount rate. b. discount rate is higher than the hurdle rate of return. c. internal rate of return is lower than the discount rate of return. d. hurdle rate of return is higher than the discount rate. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  5. The rate of interest that produces a zero net present value when a project's discounted cash operating advantage is netted against its discounted net investment is the a. cost of capital. b. discount rate. c. cutoff rate. d. internal rate of return. ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  6. For a profitable company, an increase in the rate of depreciation on a specific project could a. increase the project's profitability index. b. increase the project's payback period. c. decrease the project's net present value. d. increase the project's internal rate of return. ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  1. The after-tax net present value of a project is affected by a. tax-deductible cash flows. b. non-tax-deductible cash flows. c. accounting accruals. d. all of the above. ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-

54. A project's after-tax net present value is increased by all of the following except

a. revenue accruals. b. cash inflows. c. depreciation deductions. d. expense accruals. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-

  1. Multiplying the depreciation deduction by the tax rate yields a measure of the depreciation tax a. shield. b. benefit. c. payable. d. loss. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  2. Annual after-tax corporate net income can be converted to annual after-tax cash flow by a. adding back the depreciation amount. b. deducting the depreciation amount. c. adding back the quantity (t  depreciation deduction), where t is the corporate tax rate. d. deducting the quantity [(1- t)  depreciation deduction], where t is the corporate tax rate. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  3. Income taxes are levied on a. net cash flow. b. income as measured by accounting rules. c. net cash flow plus depreciation. d. income as measured by tax rules. ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. Which of the following best represents a screening decision? a. determining which project has the highest net present value b. determining if a project's internal rate of return exceeds the firm's cost of capital c. determining which projects are mutually exclusive d. determining which are the best projects ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  5. Which of the following are tax deductible under U.S. tax law? a. interest payments to bondholders b. preferred stock dividends c. common stock dividends d. all of the above ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  1. Sensitivity analysis is a. an appropriate response to uncertainty in cash flow projections. b. useful in measuring the variance of the Fisher rate. c. typically conducted in the post investment audit. d. useful to compare projects requiring vastly different levels of initial investment. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-
  2. If management judges one project in a mutually inclusive set to be acceptable for investment, a. all the other projects in the set are rejected. b. only one other project in the set can be accepted. c. all other projects in the set are also accepted. d. only one project in the set will be rejected. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  3. All other factors equal, which of the following would affect a project's internal rate of return, net present value, and payback period? a. an increase in the discount rate b. a decrease in the life of the project c. an increase in the initial cost of the project d. all of the above ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 14-
  4. Hopwood Corporation bought a piece of machinery. Selected data is presented below: Useful life 6 years Yearly net cash inflow $45, Salvage value - 0 - Internal rate of return 18% Cost of capital 14% Present value tables or a financial calculator are required. The initial cost of the machinery was a. $157,392. b. $174,992. c. $165,812. d. impossible to determine from the information given. ANS: A Use PV of Annuity for 6 years and 18% $45,000 * 3.4976 = $157, DIF: Moderate OBJ: 14-