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Chapter 48 Regulating internal environment, Exams of Molecular biology

Dallas Baptist University (DBU)Molecular biology

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Chapter 48 - Regulating the Internal Environment
1.If you were stranded in the Sahara Desert with very little water, you would likely die as a result of ____.
a. dehydration only
b. hyperthermia only
c. hypothermia only
d. dehydration and hyperthermia
e. dehydration, hyperthermia, and hypothermia
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 48.0 Why It Matters
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.3 - Explain the relationship between osmoregulation and
excretion.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
2.Osmoregulation is the control of ____.
a. the internal
environment
b. temperature
c. metabolic wastes
d. water and ion balance
e. hyperthermia
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 48.0 Why It Matters
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.3 - Explain the relationship between osmoregulation and
excretion.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
3.Osmolarity is the ____.
a. total solute plus solvent concentration in a solution
b. total solvent concentration in a solution
c. ratio of solvent to solute in a solution
d. total solute concentration in a solution
e. ratio of solute to solvent in a solution
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.1 - Diagram the principles of osmosis.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
4.Suppose a cell's membrane is permeable to water, but not to Na+ or Cl- or any other solute. The NaCl concentration is
higher outside the cell than inside the cell, and the osmolarity of the cell is higher than that of the solution surrounding the
cell. What will occur?
a. Overall, the cell will lose water.
b. Overall, the cell will take up water, Na+, and Cl-.
c. Overall, the cell will take up water.
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  1. If you were stranded in the Sahara Desert with very little water, you would likely die as a result of ____. a. dehydration only b. hyperthermia only c. hypothermia only d. dehydration and hyperthermia e. dehydration, hyperthermia, and hypothermia ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.0 Why It Matters LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.3 - Explain the relationship between osmoregulation and excretion. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
  2. Osmoregulation is the control of ____. a. the internal environment b. temperature c. metabolic wastes d. water and ion balance e. hyperthermia ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.0 Why It Matters LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.3 - Explain the relationship between osmoregulation and excretion. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. Osmolarity is the ____. a. total solute plus solvent concentration in a solution b. total solvent concentration in a solution c. ratio of solvent to solute in a solution d. total solute concentration in a solution e. ratio of solute to solvent in a solution ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.1 - Diagram the principles of osmosis. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
  4. Suppose a cell's membrane is permeable to water, but not to Na+^ or Cl- or any other solute. The NaCl concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell, and the osmolarity of the cell is higher than that of the solution surrounding the cell. What will occur? a. Overall, the cell will lose water. b. (^) Overall, the cell will take up water, Na+, and Cl-. c. Overall, the cell will take up water.

d. (^) Overall, the cell will take up water and lose Na+^ and Cl-. e. (^) Overall, the cell will lose water and take up Na+^ and Cl-. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.1 - Diagram the principles of osmosis. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

  1. The typical osmolarity of most body fluids in humans and other mammals is about ____ mOsm/L. a. 5 b. 225 c. 300 d. 1000 e. 1500 ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.2 - Compare osmoconformers and osmoregulators. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  2. Most marine animals have an osmolarity of about ____ mOsm/L. a. 5 b. 225 c. 300 d. 1000 e. 1500 ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.2 - Compare osmoconformers and osmoregulators. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. The typical osmolarity of body fluids in most freshwater invertebrates is about ____ mOsm/L. a. 5 b. 225 c. 300 d. 1000 e. 1500 ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.2 - Compare osmoconformers and osmoregulators. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  4. Which animals are typically osmoconformers?

REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.4 - Outline the four-step process through which tubular structures carry out osmoregulation and excretion. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 12. The selective movement of specific small molecules and ions into excretory system tubules is called ____. a. reabsorption b. excretion c. filtration d. secretion e. diffusion ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.4 - Outline the four-step process through which tubular structures carry out osmoregulation and excretion. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

13. The movement of some molecules and ions out of excretory system tubules and back into body fluids is called ____. a. reabsorption b. excretion c. filtration d. secretion e. diffusion ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.4 - Outline the four-step process through which tubular structures carry out osmoregulation and excretion. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

  1. Suppose sugar is removed from an excretory system tubule and returned to the blood. This would be an example of ____. a. reabsorption b. excretion c. filtration d. secretion e. diffusion ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.4 - Outline the four-step process through which tubular structures carry out osmoregulation and excretion. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
  1. The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by aquatic invertebrates to their environment is ____. a. nitrate b. ammonia c. uric acid d. amino acids e. urea ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.5 - Identify the three nitrogen compounds excreted as metabolic waste by animals. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  2. The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by mammals to their environment is ____. a. nitrate b. ammonia c. uric acid d. amino acids e. urea ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.5 - Identify the three nitrogen compounds excreted as metabolic waste by animals. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by birds to their environment is ____. a. nitrate b. ammonia c. uric acid d. amino acids e. Urea ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.1.5 - Identify the three nitrogen compounds excreted as metabolic waste by animals. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 18. Compared to uric acid, producing urea as the main form of nitrogenous waste requires ____. a. more energy and water b. less energy and water c. more energy and less water d. the same amount of energy and water e. less energy and more water
  1. The excretory system used by adult mollusks consists of tubules called ____. a. nephrons b. hepatic tubules c. metanephridia d. Malpighian tubules e. protonephridia ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 48.2 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.2.2 - Describe the functions of the three types of excretory tubules found in invertebrate osmoregulators. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  2. Metanephridia are found in ____. a. annelids b. mammals c. flatworms d. insects e. reptiles ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.2 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.2.2 - Describe the functions of the three types of excretory tubules found in invertebrate osmoregulators. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. You examine an animal and find that it an excretory tubule with a closed proximal end immersed in hemolymph and a distal end that empties into the gut. You correctly identify this tubule as a ____. a. nephron b. hepatic tubule c. metanephridium d. Malpighian tubule e. protonephridium ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.2 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.2.2 - Describe the functions of the three types of excretory tubules found in invertebrate osmoregulators. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
  4. Malpighian tubules are found in ____. a. annelids b. mammals c. flatworms d. insects

e. reptiles ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.2 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.2.2 - Describe the functions of the three types of excretory tubules found in invertebrate osmoregulators. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

  1. Nitrogenous waste is excreted from Malpighian tubules mainly in the form of ____. a. nitrate b. ammonia c. uric acid d. amino acids e. urea ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 48.2 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.2.2 - Describe the functions of the three types of excretory tubules found in invertebrate osmoregulators. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
  2. True kidneys have tubules called ____. a. nephrons b. hepatic tubules c. metanephridia d. Malpighian tubules e. protonephridia ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.1 - Identify the components of the mammalian urinary system. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. Nephrons are found in ____. a. annelids b. mammals c. flatworms d. insects e. adult mollusks ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.1 - Identify the components of the mammalian urinary system. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.4 - Illustrate the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion and the locations in which they occur. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

  1. In mammals, urine drains out of the ____ into a collecting duct. a. distal convoluted tubule b. Bowman's capsule c. descending segment of the loop of Henle d. proximal convoluted tubule e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.2 - Describe the structure, organization, and function of mammalian nephrons. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  2. Because it has no aquaporins, water is generally trapped in the ____ in mammals. a. distal convoluted tubule b. Bowman's capsule c. descending segment of the loop of Henle d. proximal convoluted tubule e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.2 - Describe the structure, organization, and function of mammalian nephrons. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. As filtrate moves through the ____ in mammals, it generally undergoes a dramatic decrease in osmolarity. a. distal convoluted tubule b. Bowman's capsule c. descending segment of the loop of Henle d. proximal convoluted tubule e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.2 - Describe the structure, organization, and function of mammalian nephrons. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  1. The ____ in mammals allows water to exit but does not allow ions or urea to exit. a. distal convoluted tubule b. Bowman's capsule c. descending segment of the loop of Henle d. proximal convoluted tubule e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.2 - Describe the structure, organization, and function of mammalian nephrons. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  2. The ____ of the mammalian nephron receives the filtrate first. a. distal convoluted tubule b. Bowman's capsule c. descending segment of the loop of Henle d. proximal convoluted tubule e. ascending segment of the loop of Henle ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.2 - Describe the structure, organization, and function of mammalian nephrons. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 38. Molecules and ions reabsorbed from the nephron reenter the blood at the ____. a. efferent arteriole b. peritubular capillaries c. renal artery d. afferent arteriole e. glomerulus ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.2 - Describe the structure, organization, and function of mammalian nephrons. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 39. Aquaporins are ____. a. cells that are specialized for water transport b. transport channels for water c. the entry point of filtrate into a nephron d. transport channels for ions

found in terrestrial mammals. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

  1. Research has demonstrated that ____ play a role in the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease in mice models. a. hexokinases b. dsRNAs c. miRNAs d. rRNAs e. sorbitases ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.4 - Illustrate the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion and the locations in which they occur. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  2. Polycystic kidney disease results in kidney failure due to ____. a. compression of nephrons b. compression of the glomerulus c. swelling of nephrons d. swelling of the glomerulus e. blocking aquaporins ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.4 - Illustrate the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion and the locations in which they occur. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. Cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete ____ in response to a significant drop in blood pressure or blood volume. a. atrial natriuretic factor b. renin c. aldosterone d. antidiuretic hormone e. angiotensin ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 48.4 Regulation of Mammalian Kidney Function LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.4.2 - Explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates Na+ levels. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  4. The adrenal cortex produces ____ to trigger increased Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys. a. atrial natriuretic factor b. renin c. aldosterone d. antidiuretic hormone e. angiotensin

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 48.4 Regulation of Mammalian Kidney Function LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.4.2 - Explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates Na+ levels. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

  1. In response to a significant drop in blood pressure, ____ is produced, which quickly raises blood pressure by constricting many arterioles. a. atrial natriuretic factor b. renin c. aldosterone d. antidiuretic hormone e. angiotensin ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 48.4 Regulation of Mammalian Kidney Function LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.4.2 - Explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates Na+ levels. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  2. Produced in the posterior pituitary, ____ increases water absorption in the kidneys. a. atrial natriuretic factor b. renin c. aldosterone d. antidiuretic hormone e. angiotensin ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.4 Regulation of Mammalian Kidney Function LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.4.3 - Describe the regulation of osmolarity and water balance by antidiuretic hormone. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. The ____ is a hormone produced by specialized cells in the heart in response to high blood pressure. a. atrial natriuretic factor b. renin c. aldosterone d. antidiuretic hormone e. angiotensin ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.4 Regulation of Mammalian Kidney Function LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.4.2 - Explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates Na+ levels. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.5.1 - Describe how marine fishes maintain osmolarity and water balance. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

  1. Freshwater fishes deal with the osmotic stress of living in hypoosmotic conditions in part by ____. a. active transport of ions into the body through the gills b. excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea c. active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells d. excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads e. maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.5 Kidney Function in Nonmammalian Vertebrates LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.5.2 - Describe how freshwater animals maintain osmolarity and water balance. KEYWORDS: : Bloom’s: Understand
  2. Many birds, such as seagulls which rarely drink fresh water, deal with the osmotic stress of taking in large quantities of salt in their food mainly by ____. a. active transport of ions into the body through their feet b. excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea c. active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells d. excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads e. maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.5 Kidney Function in Nonmammalian Vertebrates LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.5.3 - Describe how reptiles and birds maintain osmolarity and water balance. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. The process of ____ is the flow of heat between atoms or molecules in direct contact. a. conduction b. radiation c. evaporation d. convection e. radiative cooling ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.6 Introduction to Thermoregulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.6.4 - Outline the four mechanisms by which animals exchange heat with their environments. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  4. The process of ____ is the transfer of heat from a body to a fluid that passes over its surface.

a. conduction b. radiation c. evaporation d. convection e. radiative cooling ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.6 Introduction to Thermoregulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.6.4 - Outline the four mechanisms by which animals exchange heat with their environments. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

  1. Organisms that obtain heat primarily from the external environment are called ____. a. endotherms b. isotherms c. exotherms d. ectotherms e. allotherms ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.6 Introduction to Thermoregulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.6.5 - Compare ectotherms and endotherms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  2. Organisms that obtain heat primarily from internal physiological sources are called ____. a. endotherms b. isotherms c. exotherms d. ectotherms e. allotherms ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.6 Introduction to Thermoregulation LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.6.5 - Compare ectotherms and endotherms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. As temperature decreases, the metabolic rate of an endotherm typically ____ and the metabolic rate of an ectotherm typically ____. a. decreases; decreases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; increases d. increases; increases e. increases; remains the same ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 48.6 Introduction to Thermoregulation

e. snake ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.8 Endothermy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.8.1 - Relate the roles of the hypothalamus and skin thermoreceptors in the regulation of temperature in mammals. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

  1. Mammals may ____ as a response to cold in order to limit the amount of heat lost to the surroundings. a. shiver b. go off to lay alone so that others do not take their heat c. press hair shafts close to the body d. reduce blood flow to the skin e. lose brown adipose tissue ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 48.8 Endothermy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.8.1 - Relate the roles of the hypothalamus and skin thermoreceptors in the regulation of temperature in mammals. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze
  2. In humans, brown adipose tissue is used for ____. a. nitrogenous waste processing b. controlling blood pressure c. nonshivering thermogenesis d. digestion of fats e. cooling the body when exposed ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 48.8 Endothermy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: : DYNS.RUSS.17.48.8.2 - Illustrate how the three layers of the skin perform thermoregulation in birds and mammals. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. In humans, an increase of body temperature a few degrees above normal for a prolonged period produces a state called ____. a. estivation b. hyperthermia c. thermal acclimatization d. hypothermia e. hibernation ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 48.8 Endothermy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.8.2 - Illustrate how the three layers of the skin perform thermoregulation in birds and mammals.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

  1. The human temperature set point typically ____. a. ranges from about 96.0°F to about 99.9°F b. stays right at about 98.6°F c. stays right at about 96.8°F d. ranges from about 98.0°F to about 99.5°F e. ranges from about 94.0°F to about 99.0°F ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.8 Endothermy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.8.2 - Illustrate how the three layers of the skin perform thermoregulation in birds and mammals. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 69. An extended period of torpor entered by an animal during the winter when the environment is too cold and food is scarce is called ____. a. estivation b. hyperthermia c. thermal acclimatization d. hypothermia e. hibernation ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.8 Endothermy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.8.2 - Illustrate how the three layers of the skin perform thermoregulation in birds and mammals. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  2. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by ____. a. large amounts of protein in the urine b. the inability to thermoregulate c. the inability to urinate d. large amounts of urea in the urine e. increased urine production ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 48.4 Regulation of Mammalian Kidney Function LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.17.48.3.4 - Illustrate the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion and the locations in which they occur. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
  3. Martin Pollak studies kidney disease in humans. Why does he use human subjects in his research, instead of animal models? a. He can perform invasive experiments on humans. b. He can carry out planned matings in humans. c. Humans have a long generation time. d. He can examine renal phenotypes in conjunction with genetic analyses.