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Chapter 5-- Infancy - Physical Development
– actual solution graded A+
Differentiation - ANS-Tendency of behavior to become more specific and distinct Cephalocaudal Development - ANS-Upper part of the head to the lower parts of the body Proximodistal development - ANS-Trunk-outward - from body's central axis toward periphery What patterns of growth occur in infancy? - ANS-Weight doubles at about 5 months, triples by first birthday Height increases by 50% in first year Growth appears continuous but actually occurs in spurts Infants grow 4-6 inches in second year; gain 4-7 lbs
Changes in body proportions during infancy - ANS-Children's heads are proportionately larger than that of adults Changes in proportion of arms and legs Failure to thrive - ANS-Growth impairment during infancy and early childhood Linked to physical, cognitive, behavior, and emotional problems Deficiencies in caregiver-child interaction may play a role Marasmus - ANS-Condition related to failure to thrive; diet low in essential nutrition Canalization - ANS-Catch up growth once failure to thrive is resolved Child may look grayish in color Nutritional statistics of infants - ANS-Overall nutritional status of U.S. children is good compared to other countries 44% of U.S. children live below the federal poverty level Nutritional needs of infants - ANS-Infants require breast milk or iron fortified formula (preferably breast milk) Solid foods may be introduced about 4-6 months Influences on formula - ANS-Women entering the workforce View of bottle feeding as scientific Women's movement
Brain - ANS-Command center of organism Brain of neonate ways less than 1 pound By first birthday, the brain triples in weight, reaching 70% of adult weight Medulla - ANS-Controls basic body function - heartbeat, respiration Cerebellum - ANS-Maintains balance, control motor behavior, coordinates eye movements with body sensations Cerebrum - ANS-Allows human learning, thought, memory, language Growth spurts of the brain - ANS-Prenatal- during 4th and 5th months - Proliferation of neurons Motor development - ANS-Developments in the activity of muscles, and changes in posture, movement, and coordination Follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal development Lifting and holding the torso and head of neonate - ANS-Can move heads slightly to the side
- by 1 month, can lift head; 2-months olds can lift chest Must support the head of the infant when lifted or moved to prevent neck injuries Control of hands for infants - ANS-Track objects with eyes but do not reach for them
Grasp reflex - ANS-Grasp but do not release intentionally Voluntary grasping - ANS-Ulnar grasp and pincer grasp Visual acuity of neonate - ANS-Nearsighted
- greatest gains in visual acuity between birth and 6 months
- by about 3-5 years of age, approximate adult levels Have poor peripheral vision Visual preferences - ANS-Stripes>blobs Curved lines > straight lines Prefer faces: maternal, attractive, and pay attentions to edges Depth Perception development - ANS-Develops around 6-8 months (onset of crawling) Research using the Visual Cliff (Gibson and Walk) Development of hearing - ANS-Neonates can orient toward direction of a sound
- 18 months, locate sounds as well as adults Infants exposed to moderate noise levels as background habituate to it and are less likely to waken due to noise 1 month, perceive differences between similar speech sounds 3 1/2 months, discriminate caregivers voices
