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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of study Language is a means of communication. People can imagine how difficult life without language. “Language is a system of arbitrary conventionalized vocal, written, or gestural symbol that enable members of given community to communicate intelligibly with another” (Brown 2005: 5). Literature nowadays has become a tool to express what someone feeling into a beautiful play of words, such as figurative language, or connotative meaning that shown in a literary work. This analysis intend to explain about literature which is written in the form of novel. That is why, it is important to tell about the definition of literature, so that either the writer or the readers can be easily understand abut literature itself. R.J Rees (1973: 9) stated that “Literature is a permanent expression in words of some thought or feeling or idea about life and the world. It may be good, bad, or indifferent”. From his statement, it can be said that the scope of literature is very wide since there are so many things which can be talked to, for example about the situations which happen in the world today or even criticize the social problems in the world through literature. But it is also important to notice whether the literature is good or not. That‟s why in order to make good literature, someone should consider some factors, such as psychological truth or holding the mirror up to nature, originality, craftsmanship, and a consciousness of moral values. Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, "literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or
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scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction.This thesis is arranged using fiction because this novel tells about the characters love which is so different from our life. In the story,she is in love with her boyfriends a vampir. In the line opinion of the researcher, the novel is one kind of book that is written for everyone. There is no limit of the profession to be able to write a novel. What distinguishes only a beginner level with professional experience. Novel is a prose that tells the life of humans as well as in romance. But simpler and shorter novel only tells the story of the conflict of actors so that it changes the fate of characters. Each novel has its own characteristics or traits. Novel is long prose works with a great amount of detail on every page. The effect of this detail is that the readers can recognize the complex reality of a characters or event in the story Napitulu (2010: 1). Sumardjo (1998: 29) says that “Novel is a story with the prose form in long shape, this long shape means the story including the complex plot, many character and various setting.This analysis is about a story from a novel. It is known that novel is one of the kinds of literature, beside poetry and drama. Poetry is written in lines by focus rhymes scheme. Character is one of essential element in fiction or novel. Fiction is a creative process. In making and developing the character, an author cannot be separated from creativity freedom. Fiction contains and offers life model which according to author‟s point of view. The author is freely creating character according to his creativity. Even though the character is just imaginary character, he has to represent someone in the real life or lifelike, because the real life is a reference for the reader to understand the character. Literary work are to be enjoyed by readers. Because no wonder indeed meyer create
Researcher reason, choose novel New Moon, Because the novel popular and best seller. This novel also, novel a which one for one novel kids best publishers weekly. Moreover, this novel popular in whole world. Based on the reason above, it is interested to conduct the research entitled: main characters analysis of Stephenie Meyer’s novel twilight saga: new moon.
B. Problem of Study Based on the background of the study above, the formulated problem of the study is:
- Who are the main characters of The Story Twilight Saga: New Moon?
- What are the characteristics of the main characters of The Story of Twilight saga: New Moon novel?
C. Objective of Study Based on the formulation of the problem, the objectives of the study are stated as follows:
- To find that out characteristics of Isabella Swan in New Moon.
- To find that out characteristics of main characters (Edward Cullen and Jacob Black).
D. Significant of the Study The result is expected to give some deep information in recognizing novel especially character : the twilight saga New Noon. The researcher also hopes that this research will enrich the literary studies principally in understanding novel. E. Benefits of The Study The researcher expects that the result of the study will give some beneficial contributions, they are:
- Theor etically Hopefully, this study can give information to develop in the literary field.
- Practically a. For the student (of university who uses literary theories) The result of this study can be used as a reference, especially in conducting the literary study. Beside that, they can improve other kinds of analysis, and it also can be used as a ruler and knowledge in literary analyzing. b. For the Teacher (of English Department University) The research are expected to provide the description of literary work. It is beneficial for English language teaching to analyze the employing of literary work and can be use for additional infomation that can be applied by teachers in teaching and practicing literary analysis. c. For other researcher, It can be used as an additional reference to open other analysis relating to the research on literary analysis. F. Definiton of Key Terms
- Novel Definition novel New mMoon is Stephenie Meyer‟s novel which part of the Twilight novel series. This novel is the second series and is a follow-up novel from Twlight that tells the romance between Bella Swan and Edward Cullen. This novel will be released into the big screen in November 2009. In this novel also told Bella Swan‟s realtionship with Jacob Black, a Werewolf (werewolves). In this novel also told about the Volturi Familiy who live in the city of Volterra, Italy. Novel an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected sequence
The main character is one of the two most important characters in your novel, and the only one most writing students ever learn about. Yet the emotional thread of your novel hangs on both these character and their relationship, so you need to choose them wisely. In the line with the opinion of the novel is a work of fiction/non-fiction created in detail, in the novel there are elements such as: theme, plot, setting, point of view an d so forth. characters sometimes called the protagonist against the antagonists can trigger.
G. Frame of Discussion In order to give the guidance for the researcher and the readers in understanding the research paper, the researcher makes an outline about the content of the research as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction this chapter consists of the background of the study, the problem of the study, objective of study, significant of the study, definition of concept, and frame of discussion Chapter II: This chapter consists of related study, literature, The Novel, Literary Analysis, Kinds of Character Characterization, Cocpetual Framework. Chapter III: Type of the Study, Object of the Study, Data Cellection, Techniques, Synopsis the Story. Chapter IV: This chapter consist of Data Presentation, The Research Finding, Techniques of Characteristic Chapter V: In the last chapter, The Conclusion, the Suggestion.
CHAPTER II
RIVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Related Studies Miftahul Umam (2012: 1-37) entitled ”An Analysis Isabella Swan‟s Social Coflicts in Stephenie Meyer‟s Novel “New Moon”. Thesis. English department faculty of teacher training and education university of muhammadiyah malang september 2012. This study focused in isabella swan‟s social conflicts and the way she solved her social conflicts. The writer used descriptive qualitative research desin. Thus the approach used by the writer is objective approach in analyzing the novel. Yulia Dewi (2002: 1-31) entitled “An Analysis of the Main Character Conflict in New Moon By Stephenie Meyer. Thesis. Department of english university of sumatera utara medan 2012. Umi Fauziah (2010 :2-52) conduct a study entitled “A Analysis of Main Character in Stephenie Meyer‟s Novel: New Moon”. “this discuss about main cahracters the obtain in novel by stephenie meyer. Mentioned characters own features the different and characteristic own the different also. Related to this study, Ahmad Yunus (2009 :1-27) conduct a study entitled “Character Analysis of Isabella Swan in Stephenie Meyer‟s Twilight”. Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Departement, Letters and Humanities. Faculty. Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. May 2009. The research concerns with one of intrinsic elements, namely character. The research analyzes the characteristics of the main character in stephenie meyer‟s novel Twilight , Isabella
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It is factual report to events, in most of biography and autobiography, the author forces to do some fictionalizing to make the interest but this writing is still classified as-nonfiction. The actually is anything, which really happens in human life. On the other hand, reality is anything that happens in our life but it must not be happened (Holman and Harmon, 1986: 202).
C. Novel
- Definition of Novel Novel is most the same as a short story. They both are included in prose narrative fiction. The similarity in the intrinsic element such as plot, characteristic, setting, etc. (Sumardjo & Saini, 1991: 29). A novel may have complex themes, many characteristics of various atmospheres. Novel is almost the same with a short story. They included in process narrative fiction. It processes many works to create the illusion of actual reality admit artificiality. It has function in directing our attention to imagine the subject matter of the work to the real words in our actually live.
- Kinds of Novel According to Sumardjo and Saini (1991: 29), novel can be divided in three themes. They are romantic novel, adventure novel, and fantasy novel, for the further explanation as follow: a. Romantic Novel Romantic novel involves the role of man and woman balance event sometimes, the role of woman is more dominant than man and all of the themes can happen in this novel. b. Adventure Novel
This novel involves the role of the man more than women, along its story in action always exterior, usually physical and frequently violent is the predominant material, stressed above characteristic, motivation, or theme. c. Fantasy Novel This novel depends on its particular effect on strangeness of setting, action, and characteristic which gives an air of unreality of a story. They further state that novel is a prose work of quite some length complexity, which attempts to reflect and express something about the quality values of human experience. It is main matter that has taken from patterns of life as we have known or set in exotic and imaginative times and places.
- The Elements of Novel There are two aspects which influence the content of a novel. They are the extrinsic elements and the intrinsic elements. a. The Intrinsic Element The intrinsic elements the element that builds the creation work of fiction that will form a unity of fiction. In other word, the intrinsic elements are the whole elements which make up structure of literary work. It is a little hard to analyze the intrinsic elements in a novel, because many experts have different opinion to define which included to the intrinsic elements. These elements as referring to all things that support the work of fiction inside, they are:
- Character and Characterization a) Character (1) Definition of Character
simple, because in life people are not simply embodiment of single attitudes. Based on their function in the story, character usually describe a figure in the story or as the author wants to be. Character can be classified into: (a) Major Character Major or central character is vital to the development and resolution of conflict resolves around these characters. (b) Minor Character Minor character serve to complement the major character and help to move the plot events forward. (c) Protagonist The protagonist is the central person in a story, and is often referred to as the story of main character. He or she (or they) is faced with a conflict that must be resolved. The protagonist may not always be admirable (e.g. an anti-hero) nevertheless he or she must command involvement on the part of the reader or better yet, empathy. (d) Antagonist The antagonist character (s) that represents the opposition against which the protagonist must contended. In other word, the antagonist is an obstacle that protagonist must overcome. b) Characterization The purpose of understanding characteristics, it is important to describe what characterization is. Many experts view characterization as
the process of making up a characteristic into special character, behavior, attitude, personality, and many things that are involved with the character. In other world, characterization is information about the character of person that participated in the literary work given by an author. According to Macmillan (1984: 49) Novel is narrative prose fiction which is very long so that it can include picture life with all of its richness, complexity and contradiction by the result that it is like real life worls in which the reader can enjoy and be involved in the shorter work.
Macmillan says that a novel uses the same elements as a short story: plot, character, setting, point of view and theme. The greater lenght of the novel, however, allows novelists to deal with more complex aspect of their elements, to present character of many dimensions in a variety of situation and settings. “Novel is now applied to a great variety of writings that have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in prose” (Abrams, 190). In this study, New Moon novel is the fiction novel because the story of this novel is based dream author. The author of this novel, Stephenie Meyer, took the story based on dream the author writing which entitled New Moon. In New Moon novel, the character “Isabella Swan” is described having complex characteristics which support her character in playing a role. In New Moon novel. She is description of characteristics at most than other character in this novel. Therefore, character “Isabella Swan” is chosen to analyze in this study.
contradicted by any detail of the story, 3) the theme must not rely upon supposed facts not actually stated or clearly implied by the story. c) Theme must state as generalization about life. d) There is no one way of starting the theme of a story. e) We must be careful not to makes generalizes larger than is justified by the terms of the story. f) We should avoid any statement that reduces the theme to some familiar saying that we have heard all our lives. Theme is the main idea that the writer expresses. Theme can also be defined as the underlying meaning of the story. Theme is another prime element of literature, which contains the central idea of all literary forms such as a novel, drama and short story. It reflects innocence, experience, live, death, reality, fate, madness, sanity, love, society, and individual. etc. Theme is sometimes used interehangeably with “motive”, but the terms is more usefully applied to a general concept or dectrine, whether implic or asserted, which an imaginative work is designed to incorporate and make persuasive to the reader (Abrams 170). According to Arp and Johson (2006: 78), theme is the controling idea or the central insight. It means, it is generalization about life stated or impled by the story. Further, Arp and Johson explain that in many stories, the theme may be equivalent to the revelation of human character. Frequently, a story through its portrayel of specific personn in specific stuations will have something to say about the nature of human being. With a theme, the author can convey the messages through his ideas development which are packaged in unity of the story.
Thus, it can be concluded that theme is the general topic of the story. The author can be inspired from the moral principle, and emotional situation, or an intellectual concept to take as a theme of the story. With a theme, the author can convey the messages through his ideas develpment which are packaged in unity of the story. b. Plot Plot is a series of events created by the author to tell the story. In most of stories, these events rise out of conflict experiences by the main characteristic. The conflict does not come from internal only but conflict comes from external too. Kennedy (1983: 9) defines that a plot is structure of events that arise out a conflict. The plot is clarified as the artistic arrangement of those events and consists of three logical stages namely: (1) The beginning is about one quarter the length of a movie production (Douglass and Harnden, 1996:48). In the beginning, the audiences is letting to know where the story is going by the presentation of the actor as the hero or heroine and other major participants, the setting of place and time, in how the story will be played, the theme, the problems, and also the premise (Douglass and Harnden, 1996: 48-49). (2) The middle section is about half production or even a little longer. The middle of dramatic structure contains the struggles of the hero and heroine to achieve the solution of the problems that has been defined, which discovered or created in the beginning (Douglass and Harnden, 1996: 48-49). The middle consists of two elements: rising action, is the conflict between characteristics which produced suspense, and the
(d) Resolution Resolution is the last events in a movie or the outcome conflict. This section contains an explanation of the fate-a fate experienced by the characteristics after experiences the peak event. There is also the solution left to the reader, so the end of the hanging, with no resolution. (e) Catastrophe or Denouncement In some movies or films, the story ends with some resolutions from the main actor or actress but some of them have a final clearing from the entire problem. In this step, there is strong review toward the entire story. There is not any problem that the writers or directors try to state their message. In this step, this movie has reached the goals in making the movie. b) Kinds of Plot Plot is a story construction that built in the story. There are some kinds of plot, they are as follow:
- Circular: The story is concern in one topic or problem.
- Linear: The story continues from the start to the end of the story. In this movie, we can understand what the main topic in the movie because the scenes run continuously
- Foreshadowing: The story tells about the next events, but one time tells about one problem to another problem, and then tells about the first thing that has been told again at the first story.
- Flashback: The story tells about something that happened in the past. This movie tries to retell something that happened in the past
and make it as some knowledge for the future. It maybe tells about the autobiography, some experiences, and so on. Plot is the serial arrangement of incidents, ideas or events. In literature, the plot encompasses all the incidents and provides aesthetic pleasure. The story of the novel progresses through various plots and conflicts. The plot is decided by three essential elements: events, conflict, and climax. Suggested the plot is a story that contains the squence of events, but each incident is only connected in cause and effect, an event caused of led to the occurience of other events Staton (1965: 14). According to Arp and Johson (2006: 102), plot is the sequence of incident or event through with an author contructs a story; skilled author are careful to present the sequence in a significant order. Then, the plot may inlcude many surprising, twist and turn and culminating, climactic incident; because the goal is to keep the reader turning the page. Arp and Johson (2006:
- remark that conflict is a clash of actions, ideas, desires or wills. It means conflict is an opposition faced by the character. Furthermore, Arp and Johson explain that character may be pitted againts some other person or group of persons (conflict of person againts person); they may be in conflict with some external force-physical nature, society, or “fate” (conflict of person againts environment; or they may be in conflict with some elements in their own natures (conflict of person againts hemdelf or herself). The conflict may be mental, physical, emotional, or moral.
