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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter II presents review of related literature which is based on relevant theories. It covers literature, poem, kinds of poem,the element of poem, figurative language, and kind of figurative language. 2.1 Literature Literature is one of arts which has its own language variety. People are usually interested in literary works for their beauty and the character. Abdessalami (2010) stated that people use literature to express their feelings, imagination and creation in many ways,such as : poem, drama, fiction, essays, and so on. 2.2 Poem Poem is any kind of verbal or written language that is structured rhythmically and is meant to tell a story, or express any kind of emotion, idea, or state of being. Poem is used to achieve this artistic expression in several ways. ( Jantas 2006) According to Alexander 1973 (in Susanti 2002) that there are two ways to more easily understand the meaning of a poem:
1.General meaning This can be simply stated in one or two sentences. It must be based on a reading the whole poem. Usually the title of poem leads the general meaning. 2.Detailed meaning This is given in each stanza without paraphrasing or minding the meaning of individual words except the symbols which guide to know the content of the poem. 2.3 Kinds of Poems According to By Missy Farage (2017), poem can be divided into two basic categories, they are narrative poem, sonnets, lyric poem, prose poem, haiku poem.
1. Narrative Poems Narrative poetry is a type of poetry that tells a story, such as ballads, epics and plays. Epic poetry is the most common form of narrative poetry, consisting of storytelling poems about a heroic figure. In their beginnings, epic poems were told orally and passed from one orator to the next. Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are two examples of orally delivered epic poetry. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "The Song of Hiawatha" is a more contemporary written epic poem.
5. Haiku Poems Haiku poetry is a style of Japanese poetry that is comprised of three unrhymed lines. The first line consists of five syllables, the second of seven and the third of five syllables. This poetry type originated in the 16th century and uses imagery to create a meaningful and compact poem, usually about nature. An example of haiku poetry is "None is Travelling" by Basho. 2.4 The Elements of Poems The elements used to analyze a poem are diction, imagery, rhythm and meter, tone. 1.Diction According to Meyer (1990. p.522) diction is the style of selecting the words in contracting the poems.In writing poems usually the poets use diction to create mood,tone,and atmosphere to the readers. The poets’ choice of words not only affects readers’ attitude but also conveys the poets’ feeling toward the literary works. Moreover, poem is known for its unique diction the separates it from prose. Poetic diction is marked by the use of figurative language. 2.Imagery Imagery is the first quality that must be considered in discussing a poem. Wikipedia (2006) states that Imagery is any poetic referance to the five senses (sight, touch, smell, hearing, and taste). While Macmillan (1984; ‘187) says that
imagery is a picture or sensation that is created with sequence word or imagery is image, fictive which is found in poem. In conclusion , Imagery is some images that will increase sensory images of emotion, imagination and thought in the readers’ mind. By knowing the imagery that will know what the poet exactly wants to show. 3.Rhythm and Meter Covert (2004) states that Rhythm is another useful tool in the puzzle building craft of poetry. The rhythm or repeating patterns, choosen for a particular poem, is called meter. The term rhythm refers to any wavelike recurrence of motion or sound. All language is to some degree rhythmical, for all language involves some kind of alternation between accented and unaccented syllables ( Frederick, 1988:80).Meter is a unit of rhythm in poetry, the pattern of the beats. It is also called a foot. Each foot has a certain number of syllables in it, usually two or three syllables.
- Tone. According to Meyer (1990, p.528) “tone is the writer’s attitude toward to subject, the mood is created by all the elements in the poem. In addition tone in poem is equally important. 2.5 Figurative Language. Figurative language is phrases or expressions in which the real meanings are different from the literal interpretation. DiYanni (2002) states that figurative
In addition, Fadaee (2011:22) defines that simile technically means the comparison of two objects with some similarities. There by , the things compared by simile are usually having only one characteristic in common; the words used are as, like, similiar to, resembles, or seems. Example : She swims like a fish The example given is about two different living things : she (person)and fish (animal) are having. One characteristic, both of which are having the same skills of swimming.
2. Metaphor Metaphor is similiar to simile, which is used as a means of comparing unlike things. Yet, in metaphor, the comparison is not expressed but is implied by substituting one thing for another. Additionally, Madden(2007:76), states that metaphor is more direct and more complete comparison than simile, which means that metaphor states something and something else. Thus, metaphor is used to substitute or identified thing with another by using term is, are, were, etc. Example: He is a tiger in class As an example mentioned, the word tiger (animal) is used in substitution for displaying an attribute of a person characteristic. 3. Symbol Symbols is clearly related to metaphor, it is defined as something that is meant to be more than what it is. Arp et al. (2002:808) define that metaphor is
used when something is meant to be morethan what it is, while symbol can be used for something which is meant to be more than what it is and what it actually is. On the other hand, symbol has functions to say something literally and figuratively at the same time. Example : You can’t teach the old dog new tricks. The example shown does not only talk about dogs, but about other living creatures of any species.
4. Personification Personification consist in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. Comparison implied by personification is always a human being; it ask the reader to visualize the literal term in human form. Madden (2007:76) defines that personification is a frequently used form of metaphor; it gives human characteristic or qualities to something that are not human. Example : The wind stood up and gave a shout. As the example above, the wind that is not human is described to have ability to stand up and shout like human being. 5. Paradox Paradox is a description, statement, or siuation that seems contradictory but when it is fully understood, it actually make sense. Patel (2014:263) states that paradoxical wording can be used to reveal some element of truth within an
containing exaggeration. From those statements, it can be concluded that the poet uses hyperbole to show a very dramatic effect and also humorous purposes. Example : His voice scratches the sky. This sentence means that his voice is very beautiful, so that a poet give the exaggerate statement. 8.Synecdoche According to Jahn (2002), synecdoche is substitution of part for the whole or the whole for a part, use of a narrower or wider concept. From the definition, it can be concluded that in a poem the poet use synecdoche fo represent the whole by choosing a part of an object. Example: I am afraid because there is a pair of eyes always look at me. His sentence shows part of our body, that s “a pair of eyes” It means that she/he maybe has feeling love or hateful feeling, so she/he uses a pair of eyes to show her/his feeling.
9. Litotes Litotes is ironical understatement; often expressed by double negation (Jahn, 2002 ). Litotes is understatement for effect especially such understatement in which something is expressed by a negation of the contrary. Example : He is not the brightest man in the world.
This sentences means that he is stupid. 10.Antithesis Antithesis is parallel arrangement of opposite terms ( Jahn, 2002 ). In antithesis is usually grammatical balance as well as contrast in meaning. Example: father-mother. Both of the example above have opposite term which they have word groups.
