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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter contains about research design, population and sample, data collecting method, and data analysis.
A. Research design
When we do the research, we can use several methods, and as it did so can be used various research design. One of the most important in this research is the research design (Suryabrata,1983:71). Research design are plans and the procedures for research to detailed methods of data collection and analysis (Cresswell,2009:3). According to Best and Kahn (2007), “The term descriptive research has often been used incorrectly to describe three types of investigation that are different. Descriptive research is a research method that try describe and interpret object appropriate with situation (Best, 1982:119). In descriptive research there are numerous category. They are case studies, surveys, trend studies and many others. (Ary,1985:26-27), explain that “There are several subcategories of descriptive research : case studies, surveys, developmental studies, follow up studies, documentary analysis, trend studies and co-relational studies”.
In this study, the writer used descriptive quantitative surveys. So, the writer classify this study into survey that is uses observation method of collecting data. Survey research is the most frequently used in all disciplines. Survey research involves acquiring information about one or more groups of people – perhaps about their characteristics, opinions, attitudes, or previous experiences – by asking them questions and tabulating their answers.
The method of research which concerns itself with the present phenomena in terms of conditions, practices beliefs, processes, relationships or trends invariably is termed as “descriptive survey study”. According to Dr. Y.P. Aggarwal (2008) descriptive research is devoted to the gathering of information about prevailing conditions or situations for the purpose of description and interpretation. This type of research method is not simply amassing and tabulating facts but includes proper analyses, interpretation, comparisons, identification of trends and relationships. (IJTBM) 2012, Vol. No.1,Issue No.6, Apr-Jun)
The survey research employs applications of scientific method by critically analyzing and examining the source materials, by analyzing and interpreting data, and by arriving at generalization and prediction. (IJTBM) 2012, Vol. No.1,Issue No.6, Apr-Jun)
state, the pollster forecast the national result. The critical question in purposive sampling is the extent to which judgment can be relied on to arrive at a typical sample. There is no reason to assume that the units judged to be typical of the population will continue to be typical over a period of time. Consequently, the results of a study using purposive sampling may be misleading. Because of its low cost and convenience, purposive sampling has been useful in attitude and opinion surveys. Be aware of the limitations, however, and use the method with extreme caution. (Ary,2006:174)
C. Data collecting method
The researcher in this research is the main instrument. She conducts the describe many sentences in the Novel Negeri 5 Menara. The supporting instrument is observe sentences in the novel. In this research, data collecting conducted at natural setting, source of primary data, and data collecting technique stressed at sentences the novel. According to Suharsimi Arikunto observation method is direct observation, so observation can we do by using sight, sense of smell, sense of hearing, organ of touch, and sense taste (Arikunto,2010:199). In Arikunto (2010:200), Observation used in two methods, than named it kind of observation :
- Observation non-systematic, that do of observer with not using observation instrument.
- Observation systematic, that to do of observer using orientation observation instrument. Observation method is a system to get data by doing survey and making notes systematically about phenomena being researched.
In this study researcher use observation non-systematic, so the researcher just read the novel and make a note about sentences and conversation in the novel.
And to collect the data, writer does some steps as follow:
- Write data from sentences and sentences conversation in the novel Negeri 5 Menara.
- Finding the type of code switching in the sentences and sentences conversation in the novel.
- Arranging the fifty data above into data analysis.
P = f/N x 100% Where P is symbol of percentage, f is the frequency of occurrences of code switching and the type of code switching. N is the total number of code switching found in the entire data.
Finally, the writer draw several conclusions according to the findings previously coined.
